und Mühlacker (Kr. Vaihingen),” Hallstattforschungen in seventh-century bone kouros pendants were excavated at the Nordwürttemberg(Stuttgart, 1970), p. 21, fig. 9, pls. 10–11, sanctuary of Artemis Orthia at Sparta: see Marangou 1969, pp. 61–62, 68–69. Amber was also inset into gold and silver, as the 163–64, nos. 109–10, figs. 138a–c. Latin tombs (especially Tomb 102) from Castel di Decima show: Much Egyptian wooden and ivory (or bone inlaid) furniture, the see, for example, M. R. Di Mino and M. Bertinetti, eds., Orientalizing wooden throne from Verruchio (Verucchio 1994), Archeologia a Roma: La materia e la tecnica nell’arte antica and the furniture from Gordion are exempla of the technical (Rome, 1990). and stylistic similarities between ivory- and woodworking. See, Inset amber eyes are found on the (possibly seventh-century for example, O. Krzyszkowska and R. Morkot, “Ivory and Ionian) ivory lion staff heads (chance finds) from Vasilkov near Related Materials,” pp. 320–31, and R. Gale, P. Gasson, N. Smêla:Boardman 1980, p. 259, fig. 301; and E. H. Minns, Hepper, and G. Killen, “Wood,” pp. 334–71, in Nicholson and Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of the Ancient History and Shaw 2000; G. Herrmann, “Ivory Carving of First Millennium Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to Workshops: Traditions and Diffusion,” in Images as Media: the Caucasus (Cambridge, 1913; repr., New York, 1971), pp. 78, Sources for the Cultural History of the Near East and the Eastern 193, fig. 85. A number of Greek headpieces for horses Mediterranean (1st Millennium BCE), ed. C. Uehlinger (Fribourg, (prometopidia) from southern Italy have eyes of ivory inset with 2000), pp. 267–82; E. Simpson and K. Spirydowicz, Gordion amber irises; compare Getty 83.AC.7.1. Votive eyes of ivory and ahş ap eserler / Gordion Wooden Furniture (Ankara, 1999); G. amber were excavated at the Syracusan Athenaion: see Strong Herrmann, ed., The Furniture of Western Asia: Ancient and 1966, pp. 22–23. For a possibly Etruscan seventh-century ivory Modern(Mainz, 1996); R. A. Stucky, “Achämenidische Hölzer bed inlaid with amber, see G. Caputo, “Quinto Fiorentino: Avori und Elfenbeine aus Ägypten und Vorderasien im Louvre,” AntK applicativi incastonati d’ambra,” StEtr 56 (1989–90): 49ff.; and 28 (1985): 7–32; and O. W. Muscarella, The Catalogue of the A. Mastrocinque, “Avori intarsiati in ambra da Quinto Ivories from Hasanlu, Iran (Philadelphia, 1980), who writes, Fiorentino,” BdA 10 (1991): 3–11. For an East Greek or Lydian “That the same artisans who carved the ivories also worked kline from a later sixth-century B.C. grave in the Athenian with wood and bone is attested at Hasanlu [which date prior to Kerameikos cemetery, see U. Knigge, Der Kerameikos von Athen: 800 B.C.] … and this situation … fits into a general pattern Führung durch Ausgrabungen und Geschichte (Athens, 1988), p. known from other Near Eastern sites.” Rocco 1999 frequently 101. Rocco 1999 compares the Hallstattian examples from refers to the relevant hard materials in understanding the Asperg, Hundersingen, and Römerhügel to the Orientalizing Picene bone and ivory material. As noted in n. 246 above, both bone and ivory objects from Italy; D. Marzoli, in Bartoloni et al. Rocco 1999 and Russo 2005 draw significant connections 2000, pp. 397–98, no. 587, compares them to the furnishings among amber, bone, and ivory carvings. from Etruscan tombs. See also A. Naso, “Egeo, Piceno, ed 249. Delphi Museum 10413–14, circa 550 B.C. See Lapatin 2001, no. Europa central in period arcaico,” in L’Adriatico, i Greci e 33, for illustrations and bibl. (note especially the photographs L’Europa: Actes du colloque (Venice-Adria 2000), ed. L. Braccesi, L. of the heads during restoration). Attention to detail (akribeia) Malnati, and F. Raviola (Padua, 2001), pp. 87–110. In the was much praised by ancient critics, records Lapatin 2001, p. Byzantine Suda, under elektron, it is noted: “ancient beds used 135, with reference to R. Meiggs, Trees and Timber in the Ancient to have their feet set with dark precious stones and amber.” Mediterranean World (Oxford, 1982), pp. 302–5. See “Elektra,” trans. A. Ippolito, March 16, 2006, Suda on Line, http://www.stoa.org/sol/ (accessed November 27, 2009). Such 250. Forming holes from both ends toward the center prevents elaborate objects correspond well to the literary descriptions of “blowout”—a technique already in evidence in the earliest earlier Near Eastern furniture, marvelous works worthy of the bead- and pendant-making. Modern craftspeople recommend gods’ attention: see, for example, Winter 2000, p. 29, who cites placing amber underwater when making perforations to avoid a text of Ashurnasirpal I (1049–1030 B.C.) in which an ornate shattering the material or cracking the holes. bed of precious wood, gold, and precious stones, made for the inner chamber of the temple of the goddess Ishtar, is 251. Theophilus, Book 95, The Various Arts, trans. C. R. Dodwell described as “shining like the rays of the sun (god).” (London, 1961), pp. 168–69. G. Kornbluth, Engraved Gems of the Carolingian Empire (University Park, PA, 1995), pp. 9–10, 247. Massaro 1943, pp. 36ff., no. 27/a, records that the bored provides the useful model of using Theophilus. concentric eyes of female pendants from the Circolo dei Monili preserved traces of silver inlay (reference from Waarsenburg 252. The sketching might have been done in a manner similar to 1995, p. 429, n. 1123). that which Theophilus, Book 98 (see n. 251, above), p. 166, recommends for carving a prepared piece of bone. Chalk is 248. See A. Hermary, “Un petit kouros en bois de Marseille (fouilles spread as the ground for drawing figures with lead. Theophilus de la Bourse),” RA 1997: 227–41, n. 14, figs. 5a–d (inv. H 34), advises scoring “the outlines with a sharp tracer so that they who dates the Marsailles kouros “third-quarter to end of the are quite clear.” seventh century.” K. A. Neugebauer, Antiken im deutschen Privatbesitz (Berlin, 1938), no. 255, dates the pair of ivory kouroi 253. Pliny, Natural History 37.15, 37.65. in a German private collection to circa 500 B.C. Two late- 84 INTRODUCTION