22. For the origin and religious significance of the terracotta 29. For the amber heads from Eretum, see Losi et al. 1993; for the protome, see Croissant 1983, p. 18. On the origin of the Etruscan Tomb 102 Braida di Vaglio heads (Potenza, Museo Archeologico terracotta votives, see Smithers 1988. Nazionale “Dinu Adamesteanu” 95201, 95204), Bottini and Setari 23. For early Greek coinage, see, for example, Mottahedeh 1979; 2003, p. 40, nos. 136–37, pl. XLVI. The amber heads in the Louvre andKraay 1976, pp. 20–29. Relevant examples are the “Apollo” (originally pendants?) are modern additions to a gold bracelet staters from Colophon, the silver Aegean Dionysos type, and (Louvre Bj 2347). The heads are separately inventoried as two electrum “satyr” types, from Phocea and Cyzicus, and the Louvre Bj 23471 a and b. Bj 23471 a is probably a male figure, as Cyzicus Athena head. The following comparable gemstones are comparison with the bronze votive kouroi in Richardson’s illustrated in Boardman 2001: the chalcedony lentoid from Middle Archaic Series A (Florence, Museo Archeologico Melos in Boston (Museum of Fine Arts 27.678) with a facing Nazionale 62, 63, 68, 84 [from Arezzo]) suggests. The hairstyle of satyr (p. 137, pl. 274); the pale green steatite pseudo-scarab Bj 23471 b is comparable to that of contemporary sphinxes, with a crowned double head (one bearded, one unbearded) in such as the sphinx on an Etruscan gold fibula from Vulci in London (British Museum 480) from Cyprus (p. 180, pl. 281); also Munich (Antikensammlungen 2338): Cristofani and Martelli in London (British Museum 492), the Island pseudo-scarab of 1983, pp. 183, 296–97, no. 171. green steatite with a back in the form of a frontal satyr face, 30. It is significant that there are no extant amber head-pendants of signed by Syries (p. 184, pl. 350); and the Greek pseudo-scarab male figures with horns, considering how popular the subject of of carnelian made in Etruria with Dionysos on the back in a horned, bearded male figure is in pre-Roman art, in goldwork Boston (Museum of Fine Arts LHG 35 ter), by the Master of the and ivory, and as a device on early coinage. This lack is even Boston Dionysos (p. 186, pl. 408). more surprising given the existence of four complete amber 24. Some examples are the sixth-century B.C. gold head-pendants pendants in the form of recumbent bull-bodied, bull-horned (female?) on a necklace found at Ruvo di Puglia in Taranto anthromorphs, one in London (British Museum 68 (Florence, Museo Archeologico Nazionale 6429): Guzzo 1993, p. [“Achelous?”]), another in Paris (Louvre Bj 2123), a third in New 52, 191, CII A 1 (necklace), and pp. 71–73, 228, PV2 (pendants). York (Metropolitan Museum of Art 1992.11.57, Purchase, Renée and Robert A. Belfer Philanthropic Foundation, Patti Cadby 25. The silver-gilt frontal heads (and the kore, acorns, and lion’s Birch, and The Joseph Rosen Foundation Inc. Gifts, and Harris head) from a tomb in Taranto (Florence, Museo Archeologico Brisbane Dick Fund, 1992), and a fourth in a Geneva private Nazionale 12024–31) may have decorated a polos; there are no collection. The style of the four taurine ambers is Ionian traces of holes for attachment, and they were presumably influenced; they have few comparanda apart from East Greek “glued on.” For the group, see Guzzo 1993, pp. 106–8, 266, 332, L plastic vessels in the form of similar creatures. The full-body IV A 1. Comparable heads (female heads, gorgoneion, Herakles’ anthromorph types derive from the ancient Near Eastern bull- face) are in the Getty Museum (96.AM.110–415: J. Paul Getty man and are often identified as Achelous (whose realm, as first Museum2002, pp. 122, 126–27), and a group of four (one male stated in Hesiod’s Theogony, is streams and water), but could be and three females) allegedly from Policoro are in the Ortiz identified as Eridanus. Their antecedent is the human-headed collection, Geneva: In Pursuit of the Absolute: Art of the Ancient bison or bull-creature that was associated with the sun-god World—from the George Ortiz Collection, exh. cat., rev. ed. (Bern, Shamash; it is linked with the eastern sunrise. Since amber has 1996), no. 123. Several other heads were said to be found with both solar and aqueous associations (ocean, river, and stream), this group. these amber pendants, which follow a millennia-old compositional format, may incorporate both the ancient Near 26. Two small bronzes, an Archaic female head in Toronto and a Eastern solar associations and the watery ones. The four amber Severe-style male head in New York (which also has a bull-men pendants revert their heads and were perforated to suspension loop in the top of the head), are apparently both hang head downward. Does this pose connect them to funerary from Italy. See S. Haynes, “A Bronze Head from South Italy,” in use? On the early human-headed bison or bull-man, see P. Miscellanea Etrusca e Italica in onore di Massimo Pallottino ArchCl Hansen in First Cities 2003, pp. 230–31, nos. 157a–b. See also W. 43 (1991): 96–99. A. P. Childs, “The Human Animal: The Near East and Greece,” 27. For the head (inv. 210442), see Magie d’ambra 2005, p. 45; and pp. 49–70 (with key references, including LIMC 1 [1981], s.v. Ornamenti e lusso 2000, p. 15, fig. 7, no. 152. “Acheloos” [P. Isler], p. 13, no. 1), and S. Gavel, “Human-Headed Bull,” pp. 108–10, no. 1, in Centaur’s Smile 2003. Both Gavel and 28. Two comparable ritual objects of seventh-century B.C. date are Childs emphasize the iconography of the bull-man as protector the terracotta lamp from Gela with rams’ heads and of flocks and of the Tree of Life. Mottahedeh 1979, pp. 104–6, polos-wearing female heads (Museo Archeologico Regionale di addresses issues relevant for the ambers in her analysis of Gela 7711: P. Orlandini, “Gela: La stipe votiva del Predio Sola,” Achelous images on early Greek coinage. MonAnt46 [1963]: 33–41, no. 1, figs. 14–16, pls. 8a–c, 9a–b) and 31. Unpublished. the marble lamp from the Selinuntine Malophoros sanctuary (Museo Archeologico Regionale “A. Salinas” di Palermo 3892: 32. In Roman times, the satyr mask was thought to be effective in Magna Graecia 2002, pp. 292–93, no. 75). warding off the evil eye: see M. Henig, “Roman Sealstones,” in Human Heads 153