Collon 1997, p. 99. Faraone 1992, p. 557, discusses the use of and G. Colucci Pescatori, Il Museo Irpino (Cava dei Tirreni, 1975), heads in apotropaic imagery and gives the examples of the p. 33, pl. IX. images of Hephaistos on the furnaces of bronze workers; the 36. D’Ercole 1995 suggests that the Lavello-Casino head-pendant “laughable images” (geloia, called baskania), grotesque faces, may represent a protective deity (see cat. no. 55, n. 3). Losi et al. and satyrs’ masks on other ovens; and bird and animal 1993, p. 203, incline toward identifying the head-pendants as protomes on other structures, all used in protection against ill representing “a female goddess or protective genius.” will (phthonos, sometimes translated as “evil eye”). Faraone also Mastrocinque 1991, p. 151, wonders whether they might be cites the fragment of a lost Aeschylean satyr play in which maenads or nymphs, even perhaps the Heliades. effigies (eidola and mimemata, exact portraits) of satyrs are fastened to the exterior of a temple, from which vantage point 37. Moorey 2003, pp. 7, 49. they will frighten off wayfarers. In the tenth century A.D., Al- Beruni (The Book Most Comprehensive in Knowledge on Precious 38. On the facing eye, see Winter 2000; and Faraone 1992, p. 379. Stones, trans. H. M. Said [Islamabad, 1989], p. 181) stated, “The 39. Faraone 1992, pp. 45, 58–59. only reason for liking [amber] is said to be that it averts the evil eye.” For the evil eye, see “Amber Medicine, Amber Amulets,” n. 40. On the destruction of images to abort power, see Gager 1992; 152. andFaraone 1992. 33. Jannot 2005, p. 38. 41. See “Amber Medicine, Amber Amulets,” n. 171. 34. Mottahedeh 1979, p. 277 (with reference to L. R. Farnell, The 42. Faraone 1992, pp. 58–59. Cults of the Greek States, vol. 1 [Oxford, 1896]). 43. Faraone 1992. 35. For the amber necklace with at least six heads from the Mefite sanctuary in Valle d’Ansanto in the Museo Irpino, Avellino, see 44. E. Simon, “Gods in Harmony: The Etruscan Pantheon,” in De Losi et al. 1993, p. 210, n. 20; NSc 30 (1976): 503–4, no. 1309g; Grummond and Simon 2006, p. 48. 154 HUMAN HEADS