Chapter 3: Local Road Planning 75 Table 3.4 Typical Gravel Pavement Distresses Raveling This refers to the presence of loose materials throughout the carriageway. This may be caused by weak binding of pavement materials due to poor grading and low plasticity. Loose materials may lead to a loss of traction of vehicular traffic. These may be repaired by using well-graded materials mixed with existing loose aggregate binders; or better compaction with the required moisture. Coarse This is the presence of texture large or oversize coarse aggregates in a gravel pavement. In some cases, a rocky sub-grade is exposed. This may be due to the premature loss of fine aggregates from the pavement materials; or the use of oversized base course materials. These may be repaired by using well-graded materials and binders; or improving surface drainage. 4.1.2. Surface Distress on Paved Local Roads There are local roads with sealed pavements that have been constructed and maintained by LGUs or through external assistance (e.g. National Government Assistance, Loan, or Official Development Assistance). The usual sealed pavements are asphalt pavement (AP), Portland cement concrete pavements (PCCP), or