Case 1 6 .Cyber Terrorism in Action Hybrid cyber terrorism is the use of the Internet for terrorist activities such as propaganda, recruitment, radicalization, fundraising, data mining, communication, training, and planning for actual terrorist attacks. The Internet is being used by terrorists and terrorist organizations to spread and manage their propaganda through information warfare, to impart their ideology, to conduct psychological warfare as well as to radicalize and recruit new members from all over the world, through terrorist websites, online magazines, and various social media platforms (such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Tumblr, VKontakte, JustPaste.it, Youtube, etc). For instance, DAESH (or the so called Islamic State) had seven media agencies under its central media command (with Amaq being the most prominent one) and 37 media offices operating in various countries. Similarly, al-Qaeda formed a media arm known as As-Sahab and The Global Islamic Media Front (GIMF), as well as online magazines such as “Inspire and Resurgence” to reinforce their propaganda. In addition, terrorist organizations have been using the Telegram application since the end of 2015 due to its encryption and secure use, and because of the increased closure of terrorist accounts on Facebook and Twitter Terrorists groups have used social media platforms (like Telegram) and encrypted messaging system applications (such as Kik, SuperSpot, Wickr, Whatsapp, Gajim), online gaming chat rooms, coded messages or steganography for covert discussions, direct and private communications purposes (that includes networking with other members of the group, interaction with recruits and supporters) and planning and coordination of physical attacks as well as planning hacking operations. For instance, VoIP phone services were used during the Mumbai attacks in 2008. 218