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A TO Z INDIA - JANUARY 2023

A TO Z INDIA English & Tamil Monthly Magazine Price Rs 65/- Volume 06 тАв Issue 06 January 2023 05 Gejjala Mantapa - Hampi The Untold Story Of A Structure Indian Culture тЧП Indian Art тЧП Indian Lifestyle тЧП Indian Religion

Submit your artwork, articles & essays to the e.mail id: [email protected] A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 2

FROM THE EDITOR A TO Z INDIA magazine covers the Indian through his art, culture, lifestyle, religion, etc. This magazine gives an insight into the life of Indians from an angle uncovered by others. Turn to find out what it is about and to immerse yourself into an entirely different culture. 04 Publication Team: FROM THE EDITOR'S DESK: HEREтАЩS HOW TO MAKE YOUR JANUARY 2023 EDITOR: Indira Srivatsa INTERESTING ASSOCIATE EDITOR: We believe in starting the new year with a bang, and what better than some Dwarak, Srivatsa really cool and interesting cultural festival and experiences? As they say, start EDITORIAL your year with something nice, and your entire year will be a fun one. ItтАЩs true! CONSULTANTS: Santha, So here we are with a round-up of really interesting festivals and activities Bhavani, Srinivasan you can explore in January 2023. REPORTING: Raghavan PHOTOGRAPHY: Adithyan 05 GRAPHICS ENGINEER: GEJJALA MANTAPA - HAMPI THE Chandra UNTOLD STORY OF A STRUCTURE Editorial Office: inside The architecture and the E002, Premier proximity to the Vittala Temple Grihalakshmi suggest its religious nature. Apartments, Elango Nagar South, A TO Z INDIA: Editorial Address Virugambakkam, Chennai - 600092, Tamil Nadu, India. Communication Details: MOBILE: +91-7550160116 e.mail id: [email protected] Disclaimer: A TO Z INDIA Magazine has made a constant care to make sure that content is accurate on the date of publication. The views expressed in the articles reflect the author(s) opinions. A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 3

From the Editor's Desk: Deepavali - тАЬHereтАЩs how to make your January 2023 interestingтАЭ So here we are with a round-up of really interesting festivals and activities you can explore in January 2023. We believe in starting the new year with a bang, and what better than some really cool and interesting cultural festival and experiences? As they say, start your year with something nice, and your entire year will be a fun one. ItтАЩs true! So here we are with a round-up of really interesting festivals and activities you can explore in January 2023. Manali Winter Carnival, Himachal Pradesh: Manali town is going to celebrate the annual Manali Winter Carnival (January 2 to 6, 2023). ItтАЩs going to be all about skiing, paragliding and cultural festivities at the festival. Purple Fest Goa: Purple Fest: Celebrating Diversity, the first-ever inclusive festival in Goa for persons with disabilities (PwDs). The festival will be held in Panjim from January 6-8, 2023, with all pomp and show. Bikaner Camel Festival, Rajasthan: The Bikaner Camel Festival (January 11-12) is a cultural festival you must not miss. The festival will let you see camels in some of the most colourful attires, and also enjoy folk art and fire shows. Dehing Patkai Festival, Assam: The annual Dehing Patkai Festival (January 16-19) is a festival you must be a part of. The festival is a great way to experience the diverse cultures of Assam. Join this festival for cool tribal fairs, tea heritage tours, wildlife trips, heritage trips and adventure sports. Hampi Utsav, Karnataka: Experience the splendour of this UNESCO World Heritage Site at the three-day festival (from January 27-29). Several important monuments will be lit up at Hampi for this festival. Check out the elephant procession, kite festival, and performances by some of the most prominent and celebrated traditional singers and dancers. Kochi-Muziris Biennale, Kerala: The ongoing art exhibition will be on till April 10, 2023, at different locations spread across Kochi, Muziris and other surrounding areas. There will be creative films, art installation, paintings, sculptures, performance art and new media (digital technology). Y e w a e r N 2 y 0 p 2 3 p ! a ! ! H dira Srivatsa In Editor | A TO Z INDIA [email protected]; +91-7550160116 A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 4

The Untold Story Of A Structure: Gejjala Mantapa - Hampi Vijay No one knows for sure what exactly was the purpose of this structure. The architecture and the proximity to the Vittala Temple suggest its religious nature. Since this structure is located at the end of the chariot street of the Vittala temple, this could have been used as a platform to keep the images of the Gods during the annual temple festival. In HampiтАЩs standards this is not a structure which begs a special mention. But since itтАЩs on the main track you would be moving and worth a brief halt. The structure is peculiar with its elevated platform within the pillared open pavilion. Two concentric rows of square carved pillars support the superstructure. The domed roof structure is decorated with the typical Vijayanagara style brickwork. A few minutes rest in this cool and less touristy place is not a bad idea. ThatтАЩs the one you would require, more often than you would think, in the sun baked vastness of Hampi. You may not easily notice this structure as this is relatively small in size and sits hidden among the coconut and banana plantation. Gejjala Mandapa is located at your left on your way from the Vittala Temple to the main road (Talarigatta тАУKamalapur road). On your left about 100 meters before the inter junction you can spot this pavilion. No admission fees. A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2022 тЧП PAGE 5

The Untold Story Of A Structure: Gejjala Mantapa - Hampi Vijay The Gejjala Mantapa is a highly impressive structure built with amazing architecture which is located near the famous Vittala Temple. It is one of the structures in the ruins of Hampi whose history is not perfectly known to date as most of the Historians do not know what for it was used during ancient times. Standing on a patch of greenery, this monument is a wonderful example of the craftsmanship of the artisans of the ancient era. ItтАЩs small in size but its beautiful architecture draws the attention of tourists throughout the year. Facts and Myths Of Gejjala Mantapa: Nobody knows the exact reason why this ornate structure was build at this place. Many locals here say that the structure may be had used as a dancing hall in the ancient time, They say that it was a platform where various dance festivals and music were conducted during the ancient times. History Of Gejjala Mantapa: Gejjala Mantapa was constructed around 500 years ago by one of the rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire. The structure is unique in its own way. However, there is not written inscription or document found to date that defines the exact purpose of the ornate structure. There are carved pillars in the structure from which the locals suggest that the structure may have been used to keep the idols of Gods safely inside during the famous annual festival of the Vijayanagara Empire. Also many believe the structure was used as a dancing hall where artists performed various dance and music festivals. However, presently the location is used by the tourists and visitors only for relaxation after a long walk. It remains a place of interest for those interested to discover the archaeological monument of ancient times. A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 6

The Untold Story Of A Structure: Gejjala Mantapa - Hampi Vijay Architecture Of Gejjala Mantapa: The Gejjala Mantapa is rectangular in shape with exceptional architecture. The whole structure has been build with huge stones. It has an elevated platform which is surrounded by an open pillared pavilion on every side. The domed roof of the Gejjala Mantapa features the typical brickwork of the ancient Vijayanagara style. There is an intricate pattern of beautiful carvings that exist on the structure which display the beauty of the old Vijayanagara style of architecture. The main attraction is the two rows of pillars that are standing in a concentric pattern around the elevated platform. These pillars act as the backbone of the structure which provides the monument a touch of classic beauty. A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 7

A trip to Badami: Badami Fort, formerly known as Vatapi Fort Bhavani Badami, formerly known as Vatapi, is a town and headquarters of a taluk by the same name, in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India, on the summit of a cliff and just opposite to the cave temples of Badami. It was the regal capital of the Badami Chalukyas from CE 540 to 757. Badami Fort is spread over the hills in two parts, North and South, with the Agasthya Lake in between. The Badami North Fort is considered to be the principal fort situated on the northern part of the Agasthya Lake. This fort was constructed by Pulakeshi, the Chalukyan King in the year 543 A.D. There is a pathway, paved with red sandstone and smoothed to a marble finish, cut right through the rock formation. On either side of the pathway, steep rocks rise to more than a hundred feet. The forts have many cave temples within them. The rooms and corridors are carved out of big rocks and clad with red sandstone. There are watchtowers, tunnels, prisons, bedchambers and temples within the forts. Some caves which are 10 feet high are supported by ornate black granite pillars. The pillars and walls are richly decorated with an assortment of celestial beings. The temples (dedicated to Vishnu, Shiva) were carved out of 100 odd feet of rock is something of an engineering marvel of the era. The North Badami Fort was raided and obliterated in the year 642 A.D. by the Pallavas and presently the gate and the walls of the fort are possibly the sole traces of the formerly magnificent architecture. A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 8

A village of Ruins: Hampi, located in Karnataka Bhavani Hampi, located in Karnataka, a village of ruins, neighboring hills and Tungabhadra river. Hampi was once the second largest city in world, it has served as the capital of mighty Vijayanagara Empire until 1500 AD. Once the most powerful City in world has now been turned into desolated ruins. Hampi have withstood with time and man, many monuments in city gives you details about grandeur and culture it inhibited. It is a delight for history and archaeological buffs. The small village of Hampi is famed for showcasing the legacy of the Vijayanagara empire. It flourished as the last capital of the kingdom, and the aesthetic wealth of the rulers can be clearly seen in the monuments located here. The monarchs of Vijayanagara constructed numerous buildings, including temples, here that are a major attraction for tourists. Owing to their architectural and historical significance, these have earned a place on UNESCOтАЩs World Heritage Site list. These temples give an insight into the affluent lifestyle of those rulers and also the culture, prevailing at that time. On a heritage tour to Hampi, you will not only learn about the past of the area, but a lot more. An imperative ancient town and splashing rich history of India. Hampi has served as capital for most prosperous and mighty Vijayanagara Empire under four rulers. Came in to existence in 1345 AD, Hampi reached unfathomable heights under King Krishna Deva Raya of Tulava Dynasty. A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 9

A village of Ruins: Hampi, located in Karnataka Bhavani It took southern India to new heights. Merchants of this city only traded in diamond, gold, exquisite jewellery and prestigious artifacts. It became a trade hub across world. It was once believed to be more prosperous and powerful than Rome, Lisbon. In 1565, coalition of Muslim Sultanates defeated Vijayanagara Empire and conquered itтАЩs capital. Hence they started destruction and since then Hampi remains in ruins. How technologically rich it was can been seen on the pillars who are carved by such intricacy. Virupkasha Temple: Dedicated to lord Virupkasha an incarnation of lord shiva. This temple is believed to be the oldest functional temple since 7th century. Immense grandeur and popular among architecture buffs for itтАЩs structure, Virupkasha temple is one of the most sacred temples in Karnataka. A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 10

A trading house/warehouse in the bygone era: The Hungarcutta Bansaale Mane Srinivasan The Hungarcutta Bansaale Mane - A trading house + warehouse + accommodation for trade in the bygone era! Yes, you read it right....all this, and more....read on.... Back in those days, when river/sea transport for movement of food/grocery/other essential items thrived, such Bansaales would facilitate brisk activity - bullock carts would first bring in these consumables to such Bansaales (located at ports/river banks), which would then be unloaded, traded internally, stored at these Bansaales, and then subsequently transported by river/sea to other towns/cities through sailing vessels such as 'Doni', 'Manjie', 'Machwe', 'Paandie'. The Hungarcutta Bansaale Mane (Udupi, Karnataka state) -- a 200-year old structure - was the last surviving one, that the Hasta Shilpa team acquired/relocated to its Heritage Village campus in Manipal.... for its restoration A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 11

By Salil Saroj Role and Relevance: New Delhi email: [email protected] The Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha Phone: 9968638267 Salil Saroj The Leader of the Opposition similarly holds an Office which arose out of practice in England and which has no official functions either according to legislation or to the rules of the House. In England, Her MajestyтАЩs Opposition is Her MajestyтАЩs alternative Government. Her MajestyтАЩs Opposition is, therefore, second in importance to Her MajestyтАЩs Government and the Leader of the Opposition is almost Her MajestyтАЩs alternative Prime Minister. Technically, however, he is only the leader, for the time being, of the Chief Opposition Party. There may be several parties in opposition, but the Opposition means the second main party temporarily in a minority, with leaders experienced in office who are ready when the time arises, to form an alternative Government. This affords a guarantee that its criticism will be directed by a consistent policy and conducted with responsibility-not in spirit calculated to ruin the game for the sake of the prize. The task of the Leader of the Opposition is unlike that of the Leader of the House, but it is nevertheless of considerable importance. Opposition is an essential part of democratic Government. What is expected from an opposition is effective criticism. It is, therefore, not untrue to say that the most important part of Parliament is the Opposition. Government governs and the opposition criticizes. Thus both have functions and rights. Attacks upon the Government and individual Ministers are the functions of the Opposition. The duty of the Opposition is to oppose. That duty is the major check upon corruption and defective administration. It is also the means by which individual injustices are prevented. This duty is hardly less important than that of the Government. The apparent absurdity that the Opposition asks for parliamentary time to be set aside by the Government in order that the Opposition may censure the Government is not an absurdity at all. It is the recognition by both sides of the House that the Government governs openly and honestly and that it is prepared to meet criticism not by secret police and concentration camps but by rational argument. The Opposition and Government are carried on alike by agreement. The minority agrees that the majority must govern, and the majority agrees that the minority should criticize. The process of parliamentary Government will break down if there was absence of mutual forbearance. The Prime Minister meets the convenience of the Leader of the Opposition and the Leader of the Opposition meets the convenience of the Government. Only by this method, can the system of parliamentary Government sustain. The Opposition has no right to obstruct; in the sense of making Parliament barren or unproductive. It would be the clearest proof of the triumph of party spirit over parliamentary spirit if any Government set out to whittle away the rights of the Opposition. The uninterrupted respect for the rights of the Opposition which the Government shows should be accepted as prima facie evidence of the soundness of its parliamentary faith. In view of the importance of the Opposition in a parliamentary democracy, the office of the Leader of the Opposition is indeed one of responsibility. He, among other things, watches for encroachments on the rights of minorities, demands debates when the Government is trying to slip away without parliamentary criticism. He must be in his place more often and familiar with all the tricks of a skilled parliamentarian and all the opportunities available under the rules of the House. It is an excellent training for the future occupants of A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 12

By Salil Saroj Role and Relevance: New Delhi email: [email protected] The Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha Phone: 9968638267 Salil Saroj the Treasury Bench, and essential for the effective operation of democratic Government. In performing his duties and obligations, the Leader of the Opposition has to take into account not only what he is today but what he hopes to be tomorrow. In India, Leaders of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha are accorded statutory recognition. The Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977, defines the Leader of the Opposition, in relation to either House of Parliament, as member of the Council of States or the House of the People, as the case may be, who is, for the time being, the Leader in that House of the party in Opposition to the Government having the greatest numerical strength and recognized as such by the Chairman of the Council of States or the Speaker of the House of the People, as the case may be. In the explanation to the said definition it has been clarified that where there are two or more parties in Opposition to the Government, in the Council of States or in the House of the People, having the same numerical strength, the Chairman of the Council of States or the Speaker of the House of the People, as the case maybe, shall, having regard to the status of the parties, recognize any one of the leaders of such parties as the Leader of the Opposition for the purposes of this section and such recognition shall be final and conclusive. A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 13

Kottayam district of Kerala, India: Malarikkal, Thiruvarppu panchayat Srinivasan Malarikkal, is located in Thiruvarppu panchayat in Kottayam district of Kerala, India. The village has an estimated 600-700 acres of paddy fields where pink water lilies bloom, between July, August, September & October. This natural phenomenon in the paddy fields turns the entire landscape into a luscious pink carpet that is a mesmerizing sight to behold. Thousands are said to assemble at the site of the blooming, situated near Thiruvarppu in Kottayam. ItтАЩs in the morning when the lilies are flowering that the visitors start coming. Spread over acres of land, it is a mesmerizing sight. The best part is to ferry on a boat in knee-deep water to photograph the lilies. There used to be over 150 boats for this service. The water lilies will only be there for a month and a half. A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 14

Sri Ganesh Glass & Plywoods Entire range of Plywoods, Glasses, Doors & all branded laminates. #2/1, Kambar Salai, Mugappair West, Chennai - 600 037. Mobile: 9380337886, 9566118008 e.mail: [email protected] Ph: 044 26244992. A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 15

рпИройро╡ро░рпН роЕ рпЗрокро╛ роЗроЩрпН рпЗроХро╛рпЗро╡ро│рпН роТ рокро╛ро░родрокрпН рпЖрокро╡ро┐ро┤ро╛: рпЗрооро▓ро╛ро│ро░рпН тАУ роородрпН ро╡ роЪроХро╡ро┐ропро▓рпН рпЖрокро╛роЩрпН роХро▓рпН тАУ роороХро░ роЪроЩрпН роХро░ро╛роирпН родро┐ роЪроЩрпН роХро░ рпЗроиродрпН ро░ро╛ро▓ропро╛, рпЖроЪройрпН рпИрой 600006. рооро┐ройрпН ройроЮрпН роЪро▓рпН : [email protected] рпИройро╡ро░рпН роЕ рпЗрокро╛ роЗроЩрпН рпЗроХро╛рпЗро╡ро│рпН рпЖродро╛рпИро▓рпЗрокроЪро┐: 044 4500 1919, 9840821919 роЖроЩрпН роХро┐ро▓рокрпН рокродрпН родро╛рогрпН рокро┐ро▒роирпН родро╡роЯрпЗрой, родрооро┐ро┤роХрпЖроороЩрпН роорпН рпЖрокро╛роЩрпН роХро▓рпН рокрогрпН рпИроХроХрпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роЯрпН роЯроорпН рпЖродро╛роЯроЩрпН роХро┐ ро╡ро┐роХро┐ро▒. роЙрогрпН рпИрооропро┐ро▓рпН родрооро┐ро┤роХроорпН роороЯрпН рооро▓рпН ро▓, рокро╛ро░родрпЖроороЩрпН роорпН, рокро╛ро░родродрпН родро┐ройрпН роХро▓ро╛роЪрпН роЪро╛ро░роорпН рпЖродро╛роЯро░рпН рокрпИроЯроп рпЖродро▒рпН роХро╛роЪро┐роп роиро╛роХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роЗроирпН род рпЖрокро╛роЩрпН роХро▓рпН ро╡ро┐ро┤ро╛ рпЗро╡ рпЖрокропро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роЯрокрпН рокроХро┐ро▒ роОройрпН рокрпЗрод роЙрогрпН рпИроо. рокро░ро┐рогро╛роо ро╡ро│ро░рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐ропро┐ро▓рпН рооройро┐род роЗройроорпН рпЗродро╛ройрпН ро▒ро┐, рпЗро╡роЯрпНрпИроЯроЪрпН роЪродро╛ропродрпН родро┐ро▓рпН роЗроирпН рпЗро╡ро│ро╛рогрпН роЪродро╛ропроорпН роЙрпЖро╡родрпНрод рпЗрокро╛, роЗропро▒рпН рпИроХропро╛рой роХро╛ро▓ рооро╛ро▒рпН ро▒роЩрпН роХрпИро│ропроорпН, ро╡ро╛рой роЪро╛ро╕рпН родро┐ро░роорпН , рпЗроХро╛ро│рпН роХро│ро┐ройрпН роиро┐рпИро▓ропро┐ро▓рпН роПро▒рпН рокроорпН ро┤ро▒рпН роЪро┐рпИропропроорпН рокро░ро┐роирпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯ рооройро┐родройрпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роорпН родро┐роиро╛ро│рпН рпИрод рооро╛родроорпН родро▓рпН роиро╛ро│рпН . роЖродро┐ропро┐ро▓ро┐роирпН рпЗрод рооройро┐родройрпН ро░ро┐ропрпИрой ро╡рогроЩрпН роХ роЖро░роорпНрокро┐родрпНродро╛ройрпН . ро░ро┐роп ро╡ро┤ро┐рокро╛ роироо роиро╛роЯрпНро▓рпН рпЖродро╛ройрпН рпЖродро╛роЯрпН роиро┐ро▓ро╡ро┐ ро╡ро╡родро╛роорпН. роиро╛роЯрпН ройрпН рокро▓ роЗроЯроЩрпН роХро│ро┐ро▓рпН рокро┤рпИрооропро╛рой ро░ро┐ропройрпН рпЗроХро╛ро╡ро┐ро▓рпН роХро│рпН роЗройрпН роорпН роЙро│рпН ро│рой. роЖродро┐роЪроЩрпН роХро░ро░рпН роиро┐ро╡ро┐роп ро╖рогрпН роород ро╡ро┤ро┐рокро╛роЯрпНро▓рпН ро░ро┐роп ро╡ро┤ро┐рокро╛роЯрпНрпИроЯ роЕрокрпН рокрпИроЯропро╛роХроХрпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯ тАЬрпЖроЪропро░роорпНтАЭ роЙро│рпН ро│. роЗройрпН рпИро▒роХрпН рооро╛ро░рпН 2300 ро╡роЯроЩрпН роХроХрпН ройрпН рок роЗро│роЩрпН рпЗроХро╛ роЕроХро│ро╛ро▓рпН роОродрокрпН рокроЯрпН роЯ роЪро┐ро▓рокрпН рокродро┐роХро╛ро░роорпН тАЬроЮро╛ропро┐ рпЗрокро╛ро▒рпН роорпН роЮро╛ропро┐ рпЗрокро╛ро▒рпН родроорпНтАЭ роОройрпН рпЗро▒ роЖро░роорпНрокрооро╛роХро┐ро▒. роЕроирпН род ро░ро┐ропроХрпН роиройрпН ро▒ро┐ рпЖроЪро╛ро▓рпН роорпН роиро╛ро│рпН рпИродродрпН родро┐роиро╛ро│рпН роЕрпИроороХро┐ро▒. роПройрпН рпИрод родро▓рпН роиро╛ро│рпН роЕройрпН ро░ро┐ропроХрпН роиройрпН ро▒ро┐? роЪро▒рпН ро╡ро┐роЮрпН роЮро╛ройро░рпНро╡рооро╛роХ рокро╛ро░рпН рокрпН рпЗрокро╛роорпН . ро╡ро┐роЮрпН роЮро╛ройро░рпНро╡рооро╛рой рооро▒рпН роорпН ро╡ро╛ройро┐ропро▓рпН ро░рпНро╡рооро╛рой ро╡ро┐ро│роХрпН роХроорпН: роиро╛роорпН ро╡ро╛роорпН рооро┐ 23 рокро╛рпИроХ рпЗроХро╛рогродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН родройрпН рпИройродрпНродро╛рпЗрой ро▒рпН ро▒ро┐роХрпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН ро░ро┐ропрпИройропроорпН ро▒рпН ро▒ро┐ро╡роХро┐ро▒. ро░ро┐ропроорпН роЕрпЗрод рпЗрокро╛ройрпН роПрпЗродро╛ роТ рпИрооропродрпНрпИрод рпИроороп роЪроХрпН родро┐рпИропроЪрпН ро▒рпН роХро┐ро▒. роЗрпЗро╡ рокро┐ро░рокроЮрпН роЪроорпН роЯрпН роороорпН. рооро┐ ро░ро┐ропрпИройроЪрпН ро▒рпН ро▒ро┐ро╡ро░ 365.5 роиро╛роЯрпН роХро│рпН - роЕродро╛ро╡ роТ роЖрогрпН роЖроХро┐ро▒. роЗроирпН род роТ роЖрогрпН ро▓рпН ро░ро┐ропройро┐ройрпН рокро╛ро░рпН рпИро╡ рооро┐ропро┐ройрпН ро╡роЯ рокродро┐ропро┐ро▓рпН рпЖродройрпН рокродро┐ропро┐ро▓рпН роЖ рооро╛родроЩрпН роХроХрпН роТ рпИро▒ родро┐рпИроЪ рооро╛роХро┐ро▒.роЗродрпИрой роЕропройроорпН роОройрпН роХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН . рооро┐ропро┐ройрпН рпЖродройрпН рокродро┐ропро┐ро▓рпН ро░ро┐ропройро┐ройрпН рокро╛ро░рпН рпИро╡ роЗрокрпН рок родроЯрпН роЪро┐рогро╛ропройроорпН роОройрокрпН рокроХро┐ро▒. роЕродро╛ро╡ роЖ рооро╛родроорпН родро▓рпН роиро╛ро│рпН родро▓рпН рооро╛ро░рпНроХро┤ро┐ роХрпИроЯроЪро┐ роиро╛ро│рпН ро╡рпИро░ роЙро│рпН ро│ роЖрооро╛род роХро╛ро▓роЩрпН роХроорпН родроЯрпН роЪро┐рогро╛ропройроорпН роОройрокрпН рокроХро┐ро▒. роЗроХрпН роХро╛ро▓родрпНродро┐ро▓рпН ро░ро┐ропройро┐ройрпН роХродро┐ро░рпНро╡роЪрпА рпН рокроХро▓рпН рпЖрокро╛роорпН рпИро▒ропроорпН. ро│ро┐ро░рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐ роЕродро┐роХро░ро┐роХрпН роХро┐ро▒. ро░ро┐ропройрпН роЙродро┐роХрпН роорпН родро┐рпИроЪ роХро┐ро┤роХрпН родро╛ройрпН , роЖройро╛роорпН родроЯрпН роЪро┐рогро╛ропрой роХро╛ро▓родрпН родро┐ро▓рпН рпЖродро▒рпН родро┐рпИроЪ роЪро╛ро░рпН роирпН роорпН , роЙродрпН родро░ро╛ропрог роХро╛ро▓родрпНродро┐ро▓рпН ро╡роЯроХрпН родро┐рпИроЪ роЪро╛ро░рпН роирпН роорпН роЙродро┐рокрпН рокрпИрод, роЪро▒рпН роЙройрпН ройро┐рокрпН рокро╛роХроХрпН роХро╡ройро┐родрпН родро╛ро▓рпН рпЖродро░ро┐роирпН рпЖроХро╛ро│рпН ро│ ропроорпН. роЗроирпН род родро┐рпИроЪ рооро╛ро▒рпН ро▒рпЗроо роироорпНрооро╛ро▓рпН рокрогрпН рпИроХропро╛роХроХрпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роЯрокрпН рокроХро┐ро▒. роЗроирпН роиро┐рпИро▓ рпИродрооро╛родроорпН родро▓рпН роиро╛ро│рпН рооро╛роХро┐ро▒. рпИрод рооро╛родроорпН родро▓рпН роЖройро┐ ро╡рпИро░ропро┐ро▓ро╛рой роЖ рооро╛родроЩрпН роХро│рпН рокроХро▓рпН рпЖрокро╛ роЙро╖рпН рогроорпН роЕродро┐роХро░ро┐роХрпН роХро┐ро▒. роЗроирпН род роХро╛ро▓роорпН роЙродрпН родро░ро╛ропрогроорпН роОройрокрпН рокроХро┐ро▒. роЖроХ рпИрод рооро╛родроорпН родро▓рпН роЙродрпНродро░ро╛ропрогроорпН роЙродропроорпН - роЖро░роорпНрокроорпН роОройрпН роХро╛ро▓рогрпН роЯро░рпН роХро│ро┐ро▓рпН рпЗрокро╛роЯрпН рокрпН рокро╛ро░рпН роХро│рпН . A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 16

рпИройро╡ро░рпН роЕ рпЗрокро╛ роЗроЩрпН рпЗроХро╛рпЗро╡ро│рпН роТ рокро╛ро░родрокрпН рпЖрокро╡ро┐ро┤ро╛: рпЗрооро▓ро╛ро│ро░рпН тАУ роородрпН ро╡ роЪроХро╡ро┐ропро▓рпН рпЖрокро╛роЩрпН роХро▓рпН тАУ роороХро░ роЪроЩрпН роХро░ро╛роирпН родро┐ роЪроЩрпН роХро░ рпЗроиродрпН ро░ро╛ро▓ропро╛, рпЖроЪройрпН рпИрой 600006. рооро┐ройрпН ройроЮрпН роЪро▓рпН : [email protected] рпИройро╡ро░рпН роЕ рпЗрокро╛ роЗроЩрпН рпЗроХро╛рпЗро╡ро│рпН рпЖродро╛рпИро▓рпЗрокроЪро┐: 044 4500 1919, 9840821919 ро░ро┐ропройро┐ройрпН роХродро┐ро░рпН роХро│ро┐ройрпН роЖро▒рпН ро▒ро▓рпН роЕродро┐роХро░ро┐рокрпН рокро╛ро▓рпН роороирпН родроиро┐рпИро▓ рооро╛ро▒ро┐ роЙро▓роХроорпН роЙро╡рпИроХ рпЖроХро╛ро│рпН роХро┐ро▒. тАЬрпЖрокро╛ рокро▓ро░рпН роирпН род ропро╛роорпН рпЖроЪропрпН род родро╡родрпН родро╛ро▓рпН ; рокройрпН рпИроо роЗроЯрпН роХрогроорпН рпЗрокро╛ропро┐рой ропро╛ро╡роорпНтАЭ роОройрпН роороХро╛роХро╡ро┐ рокро╛ро░родро┐ропроорпН рокро╛роХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН . тАЭроЪроЩрпН роХро░рогроорпНтАЭ роОройрпН ро▒ро╛ро▓рпН роЪрооро╕рпН роХро┐родродрпН родро┐ро▓рпН роироХро░рпН родро▓рпН роОройрпН рпЖрокро╛ро│рпН . роЙро▓роХ роЙропро┐ро░рпН роХрпИро│ роЗропроХрпН роорпН ро░ро┐ропройро┐ройрпН родро┐рпИроЪ рооро╛ро▒рпН ро▒родрпН родро╛ро▓рпН рпИрод рооро╛родроорпН роОройрокрпН рокроорпН рпЖрокроорпН роиро┐роХро┤рпНрпЗро╡ роороХро░ роЪроЩрпН роХро░ро╛роирпН родро┐. ро╡ро╛рой роорогрпН роЯро▓родрпН рпИрод роироо ройрпН рпЗройро╛ро░рпН 12 ро░ро╛роЪро┐роХро│ро╛роХрокрпН рокро┐ро░ро┐родрпН ро│рпН ро│ро╛ро░рпН роХро│рпН . роЗродро┐ро▓рпН родро░рпН ро░ро╛роЪро┐ропро┐ро▓ро┐роирпН роороХро░ ро░ро╛роЪро┐роХрпН ро░ро┐ропройрпН роЗроЯроорпН рпЖрокропро░рпН ро╡рпЗрод тАЬроороХро░ роЪроЩрпН роХро░ро╛роирпН родро┐тАЭ роЖроорпН. роЪрооропроорпН роЪро╛ро░рпН роирпН род ро╡ро┐ро│роХрпН роХроорпН : роЗродро┐ро▓рпН родроЯрпН роЪро┐рогро╛ропрой роХро╛ро▓рооро╛рой роЖ рооро╛родроЩрпН роХро│рпН рпЗродро╡ро░рпНроХроХрпН роЗро░ро╡ рпЗроиро░роорпН. роЙродрпН родро░ро╛ропрог роХро╛ро▓рооро╛рой роЖ рооро╛родроЩрпН роХроорпН рпЗродро╡ро░рпНроХроХрпН рокроХро▓рпН рпЖрокро╛родро╛роорпН. роЕродро╛ро╡ рооройро┐родро░рпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН роУро░ро╛рогрпН рпЗродро╡ро░рпН роХроХрпН роТ роиро╛ро│рпН . роОройрпЗро╡ рпИрод родро▓рпН роиро╛ро│рпН рокройро┐родрооро╛рой роиро╛ро│ро╛роХроХрпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роЯрокрпН рокроХро┐ро▒. роЗродро┐роХро╛роЪроорпН рооро▒рпН роорпН рокро░ро╛рогроорпН роЪро╛ро░рпН роирпН род ро╡ро┐ро│роХрпН роХроорпН : роЙродрпН родро░ро╛ропрог роХро╛ро▓роорпН роТ рокрогрпН рогро┐ропрооро╛рой роХро╛ро▓роорпН роОройрпН рокро░ро╛рогроЩрпН роХроорпН роЗродро┐роХро╛роЪроЩрпН роХроорпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роХро┐ройрпН ро▒рой. роороХро╛рокро╛ро░родрокрпН рпЗрокро╛ро░ро┐ро▓рпН рокроХро╛ропро▒рпН ро▒ рокро╖рпА рпН рооро░рпН роЙродрпН родро░ро╛ропрог роХро╛ро▓родрпН родро┐ро▓рпН родро╛ройрпН роЙропро┐ро░рпН ро▒роХрпН роХ рпЗро╡рогрпН роорпН роОройрпН роХро╛родрпН родро┐роирпН родро╛ро░рпН роОройрпН роороХро╛рокро╛ро░родроорпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роорпН. рокройрпН ройро┐ро░рогрпН роЖрогрпН роХроХрпН роТрпИро▒ роиро┐роХроорпН роорпНрокрпЗрооро│ро╛ роороХро░роЪроЩрпН роХро░ро╛роирпН родро┐ роЕройрпН родро╛ройрпН ро╡роЩрпН роХро┐ро▒. рпЗро╡ро│ро╛рогрпН родро┐ро╡ро┐ро┤ро╛: роЖрокрпН рокроЯрпН роЯроорпН рпЗрод ро╡ро┐рпИродродрпН , роирпАро░рпН рокро╛ропрпН роЪрпН роЪро┐, роХрпИро│рпЖропродрпН роЪро╛рок рпЖроЪропрпН род рокропро┐ро░рпН роХрпИро│ роЕро╡рпИроЯ рпЖроЪропрпН ропроорпН роХро╛ро▓роорпН рпИрод рооро╛родроорпН. роЖроХрпЗро╡ ро╡ро┐ро╡роЪро╛ропродрпНродро┐ройрпН роЖрогро┐рпЗро╡ро░ро╛роХ роЙро│рпН ро│ ро░ро┐ропройро┐ройрпН роХродро┐ро░рпН роХроХрпН роиройрпН ро▒ро┐ роорпН роиро╛ро│ро╛роХ, роЕро╡рпИроЯродрпН родро┐роиро╛ро│ро╛роХ роороХро░ роЪроЩрпН роХро░ро╛роирпН родро┐ рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роЯрокрпН рокроХро┐ро▒. рпИрод родро▓рпН роиро╛рпЗро│ роороХро░ роЪроЩрпН роХро░ро╛роирпН родро┐. роЕройрпН родро╛ройрпН рокрокрпН рокро╛рпИройропро┐ро▓рпН рпЖрокро╛роЩрпН роХро▓ро┐роЯрпН , ро░ро┐ропроХрпН рокрпН рокрпИроЯропро▓ро┐роЯрпН ро╡рогроЩрпН роХро┐рпЗро▒ро╛роорпН. роЯрпЗро╡, ро░ро┐ропройро┐ройрпН роЖро▒рпН ро▒ро▓рпН роиро┐рпИро▒роирпН род роороЮрпН роЪро│рпН , роХроорпНрок роЖроХро┐ропро╡ро▒рпН рпИро▒ропроорпН рокрпИроЯропро▓ро┐роЯрпН рпИроЬроХро│рпН рпЖроЪропрпН ро╡рогроЩрпН роХро┐рпЗро▒ро╛роорпН. рокро╛ро░родрпЖроороЩрпН роорпН рпЗро╡ рпЖрокропро░рпН роХро│ро┐ро▓рпН рпИродродрпН родро┐роиро╛ро│рпН : роЙродрпН родро░рокрпН рокро┐ро░рпЗродроЪроорпН , роороХро╛ро░ро╛ро╖рпН ро░роорпН , роЖроирпН родро┐ро░рокрпН рокро┐ро░рпЗродроЪроорпН , роХро░рпН роиро╛роЯроХроорпН , рпЗроХро░ро│ро╛ роЖроХро┐роп рооро╛роиро┐ро▓роЩрпН роХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роЗрокрпН рокрогрпН рпИроХ роороХро░ роЪроЩрпН роХро░ро╛роирпН родро┐ роОройрпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роЯрокрпН рокроХро┐ро▒. роЬро░ро╛родрпНродро┐ро▓рпН роЗрокрпН рокрогрпН рпИроХропро┐ройрпН рпЖрокропро░рпН тАЬроЙродрпН ро░ро╛ропрогрпН тАЭ. ро░ро╛роЬро╕рпН родро╛ройро┐ро▓рпН тАЬроороХро░рпН роЪроХрпН ро░ро╛родрпН тАЭ. роЬроорпН рпА роХро╛ро╖рпН рооро░ро┐ро▓рпН тАЭроЪро┐ро╖рпБро░рпН роЪроЩрпН роХро░ро╛родрпН тАЭ рокроЮрпН роЪро╛рокро┐ро▓рпН тАЬрпЗро▓ро╛ро╣рпН ро░ро┐тАЭ. роХро░рпН роиро╛роЯроХро╛ро╡ро┐ро▓рпН тАЬроороХро░ роЪроЩрпН роХро░рооро╛ройро╛тАЭ ро╣ро┐рооро╛роЪрпНроЪро▓ро┐ро▓рпН тАЬроороХро╛ роЪро╛роЬро╛тАЭ. рпЗрооро▒рпН ро╡роЩрпН роХродрпН родро┐ро▓рпН тАЬрпЖрокропро╕рпН роЪроЩрпН роХро░ро╛роирпН родро┐тАЭ. роЕро░ро┐ропро╛ройро╛ро╡ро┐ро▓рпН тАЬрооро╛роХро┐тАЭ A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 17

рпИройро╡ро░рпН роЕ рпЗрокро╛ роЗроЩрпН рпЗроХро╛рпЗро╡ро│рпН роТ рокро╛ро░родрокрпН рпЖрокро╡ро┐ро┤ро╛: рпЗрооро▓ро╛ро│ро░рпН тАУ роородрпН ро╡ роЪроХро╡ро┐ропро▓рпН рпЖрокро╛роЩрпН роХро▓рпН тАУ роороХро░ роЪроЩрпН роХро░ро╛роирпН родро┐ роЪроЩрпН роХро░ рпЗроиродрпН ро░ро╛ро▓ропро╛, рпЖроЪройрпН рпИрой 600006. рооро┐ройрпН ройроЮрпН роЪро▓рпН : [email protected] рпИройро╡ро░рпН роЕ рпЗрокро╛ роЗроЩрпН рпЗроХро╛рпЗро╡ро│рпН рпЖродро╛рпИро▓рпЗрокроЪро┐: 044 4500 1919, 9840821919 A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 18

рпИройро╡ро░рпН роЕ рпЗрокро╛ роЗроЩрпН рпЗроХро╛рпЗро╡ро│рпН роТ рокро╛ро░родрокрпН рпЖрокро╡ро┐ро┤ро╛: рпЗрооро▓ро╛ро│ро░рпН тАУ роородрпН ро╡ роЪроХро╡ро┐ропро▓рпН ро╡ро┐ро┤ро┐роХрпИро│ рпЗроироЪро┐рокрпН рпЗрокро╛роорпН роЪроЩрпН роХро░ рпЗроиродрпН ро░ро╛ро▓ропро╛, рпЖроЪройрпН рпИрой 600006. рооро┐ройрпН ройроЮрпН роЪро▓рпН : [email protected] рпИройро╡ро░рпН роЕ рпЗрокро╛ роЗроЩрпН рпЗроХро╛рпЗро╡ро│рпН рпЖродро╛рпИро▓рпЗрокроЪро┐: 044 4500 1919, 9840821919 роЬро░ро╛родрпНродро┐ро▓рпН роЙродрпН ро░ро╛ропрогрпН рокрогрпН рпИроХропро┐ройрпН роХрпН роХро┐роп роЕроорпНроЪроорпН, рокроЯрпН роЯроорпН рокро▒роХрпН роХро╡ро┐роорпН рпЗрокро╛роЯрпН . рпЗроХро░ро│родрпНродро┐ро▓рпН роороХро░ роЪроЩрпН роХро░ро╛роирпН родро┐ - роЕройрпН рпИро▒роп родро┐ройроорпН роЪрокро░ро┐роорпИро▓ропро┐ро▓рпН роороХро░рпЗроЬро╛родро┐ родро┐ро╡ро┐ро┤ро╛. рокроХро╛рпА ро░ро┐ро▓рпН роОро│рпН рогрпН рпИроЯрпИропрокрпН рокрпИроЯропро▓ро┐роЯрпН роЬро┐родрпН, роЕрпИройро╡роХрпНроорпН ро╡ро┤роЩрпН роХро┐ роороХро┐ро┤рпНро╡ро╛ро░рпН роХро│рпН . роОройрпЗро╡ роЕроЩрпН рпЗроХ тАЭродро┐ро▓рпН роЪроЩрпН роХро░ро╛роирпН родро┐тАЭ. родро┐ро▓рпН роОройрпН ро▒ро╛ро▓рпН роОро│рпН роОройрпН рпЖрокро╛ро│ро╛роорпН . роородрпН родро┐ропрокрпН рокро┐ро░рпЗродроЪродрпН родро┐ро▓рпН роЗройро┐рокрпН рок рокро▓роХро╛ро░роЩрпН роХрпИро│ роТро╡роХрпНрпЖроХро╛ро╡ро░рпН ро╡ро┤роЩрпН роХро┐ роороХро┐ро┤рпНро╡ро╛ро░рпН роХро│рпН . роЗроЩрпН тАЬроЪроХро░ро╛родрпН тАЭ роОройрпН рпЖрокропро░рпН . роЕроЪро╛рооро┐ро▓рпН тАЬрпЗрокро╛роХро╛ро▓ро┐ рокро┐тАЭ роОройрпН ро▒ рпЖрокропро░ро┐ро▓рпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН роХро│рпН . роироорпН родрооро┐ро┤роХродрпН родро┐ро▓рпН тАЬрпИродрокрпН рпЖрокро╛роЩрпН роХро▓рпН тАЭ. роЖроХ рокро╛ро░родрпЖроороЩрпН роорпН ро░ро┐ропрпИрой роЕройрпН рпИро▒роп родро┐ройроорпН - роиройрпН ро▒ро┐ропроЯройрпН ро╡рогроЩрпН роХро┐ рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роХро┐рпЗро▒ро╛роорпН. родрооро┐ро┤роХродрпН родро┐ро▓рпН роиро╛ройрпН роиро╛ро│рпН ро╡ро┤ро┐рокро╛: родрооро┐ро┤роХродрпН родро┐ро▓рпН рооро╛ро░рпН роХро┤ро┐ роХрпИроЯроЪро┐ роиро╛ро│ро┐ро▓рпН рпЗрокро╛роХро┐рокрпН рокрогрпН рпИроХропроЯройрпН рпЖрокро╛роЩрпН роХро▓рпН ро╡ро┐ро┤ро╛ ро╡роЩрпН роХро┐ро▒. роЕройрпН рокрпИро┤ропрой роХро┤ро┐родрпН рокродро┐ропройро╡ро▒рпН ро▒ро┐ро▓рпН роироорпН ро╡ро┐рокрпН рокродрпНрпИродроХрпН роХро╛роЯрпНроорпН ро╡рпИроХропро┐ро▓рпН ро╡рпА роХрпИро│ родрпН родрокрпН рокродрпН родро┐, роЙрокрпЗропро╛роХрооро▒рпН ро▒ рпЖрокро╛роЯрпН роХрпИро│ роОро░ро┐родрпН , ро╡роЯрпА рпН рпИрой роороЩрпН роХро▓роЪрпН роЪро┐ройрпН ройроЩрпН роХро│ро╛рой рпИро│рокрпН , роЖро╡ро╛ро░роорпН , рооро╛ро╡ро┐рпИро▓, рпЗро╡рокрпН рокро┐рпИро▓ рпЖроХро╛родрпНроХрпИро│ рпИро╡родрпН ро╡рпА роХро│рпН роЕро▓роЩрпН роХро░ро┐роХрпН роХрокрпН рокроХро┐ро▒. рпИрод родро▓рпН роиро╛ро│рпН - рпЖрокро╛роЩрпН роХро▓ро┐роЯрпН роХродро┐ро░ро╡роХрпН рокрпИроЯропро▓ро┐роЯрпН роиройрпН ро▒ро┐ роорпН рпИродрокрпН рпЖрокро╛роЩрпН роХро▓рпН родро┐роиро╛ро│рпН . роХро┐ро░ро╛роороЩрпН роХро│ро┐ро▓рпН , ро▒ро┐рокрпН рокро╛роХ ро╡ро┐ро╡роЪро╛роп роорпНрокроЩрпН роХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роЕрпИройродрпН ро╡ро┐рпИро│рпЖрокро╛роЯрпНроХрпИро│ропроорпН рпЖрокро╛роЩрпН роХроЯройрпН рокрпИроЯропро▓ро┐роЯрпН ро╡рогроЩрпН ро╡ рпЖродро╛ройрпН рпЖродро╛роЯрпН роиро┐ро▓ро╡ро┐ ро╡роорпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роЯрпНроЯроорпН. рпИрод роЗро░рогрпН роЯро╛роорпН роиро╛ро│рпН -ро╡ро┐ро╡роЪро╛ропродрпН родро┐ройрпН роЙропро┐ро░рпН роиро╛ропро╛рой рокроХрпН роХро│рпН рооро▒рпН роорпН роХро╛ро▓рпН роирпИроЯроХроХрпН роиройрпН ро▒ро┐ рпЖродро░ро┐ро╡ро┐роХрпН роорпН ро╡ро┐родрооро╛роХ рооро╛роЯрпН рокрпН рпЖрокро╛роЩрпН роХро▓рпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роЯрокрпН рокроХро┐ро▒. роХро╛ро▓рпН роирпИроЯроХрпИро│ роЕро▓роЩрпН роХро░ро┐родрпН , рооро╛рпИро▓роХро│рпН роЯрпН роЕро╡ро▒рпН рпИро▒ ро╡рогроЩрпН роХро┐ роороХро┐ро┤рпНро╡ро╛ро░рпН роХро│рпН . рпИрод ройрпН ро▒ро╛роорпН роиро╛ро│рпН - роХройрпН ройро┐рокрпН рпЖрокрогрпН роХро│рпН роиро▓рпН ро▓ ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНроХрпН рпИроХродрпН рпИрогро╡рпИро░ роЕрпИроЯроп рокро┐ро░ро╛ро░рпН родрпН родрпИрой рпЖроЪропрпН ропроорпН роХройрпН ройро┐рокрпН рпЖрокро╛роЩрпН роХро▓рпН . роЕройрпН рпИро▒роп родро┐ройроорпН роороХро│ро┐ро░рпН родроЩрпН роХро│рпН роЪрпЗроХро╛родро░ро░рпН роХро│ро┐ройрпН роиро▓роХрпНроХро╛роХ ро╡ро┐ро░родрооро┐роирпН рокро┐ро░ро╛ро░рпНродрпНродрпИрой рпЖроЪропрпН ро╡ро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН . роЕ роороЯрпН рооро┐ройрпН ро▒ро┐ , рпИрод рооро╛родроорпН роЕро╡рпИроЯ роирпН , ро╡ро┐рпИро│рпЖрокро╛роЯрпН роХрпИро│ роиро▓рпН ро▓ ро╡ро┐рпИро▓роХрпН ро╡ро┐ро▒рпН , рпИроХропро┐ро▓рпН роиро┐рпИро▒роирпН род рпЖроЪро▓рпН ро╡роорпН рокро┤роЩрпН роорпН роХро╛ро▓роорпН роЖро░роорпНрокроорпН роЖроорпН. роОройрпЗро╡ роЪродро╛роп ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНро╡ро┐ройрпН роЕродрпН род ро╡ро│ро░рпН роЪрпНроЪро┐роХрпН роХро╛рой родро┐роиро╛ро│ро╛роХро╡роорпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роЯрокрпН рокроХро┐ро▒. роЗрпЗрод рпЗрокро╛ройрпН роиро╛ройрпН роЕро▓рпН ро▓ роП роиро╛роЯрпН роХро│рпН рокро╛ро░родродрпН родро┐ройрпН рокро▓рпН рпЗро╡ рооро╛роиро┐ро▓роЩрпН роХро│ро┐роорпН роЗрпЗрод роиро╛роЯрпН роХро│ро┐ро▓рпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН роХро│рпН . роЖроирпН родро┐ро░родрпН родро┐ро▓рпН рпЗрокро╛роХро┐, роЪроЩрпН роХро░ро╛роирпН родро┐, роХро╛ роОройрпН ро▒ рпЖрокропро░рпН роХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роЖроирпН родро┐ро░ роХро┐ро░ро╛роороЩрпН роХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роиро╛ройрпН роиро╛роЯрпН роХро│рпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН роХро│рпН . родро╛ропрпН ро▓ро╛роирпН роиро╛роЯрпН ро▓рпН тАЬрпЖроЪро╛роЩрпН роХрпН ро░ро╛ройрпН тАЭ роОройрпН ро▒ рпЖрокропро░ро┐роорпН , ро▓ро╛рпЗро╡ро╛ро╕ро┐ро▓рпН тАЬрокро┐роо ро▓ро╛рпЗро╡ро╛тАЭ рооро┐ропро╛ройрпН рооро░ро┐ро▓рпН тАЬродро┐роЩрпН роХрпН ропро╛ройрпН тАЭ рпЗроирокро╛ро│родрпН родро┐ро▓рпН тАЬрооро╛рпЗроХ роЪроЩрпН роХро░ро╛роирпН родро┐ роОройрпН роорпН роЗро▓роЩрпН рпИроХропро┐ро▓рпН рокродрпН родро╛рогрпН родро┐ройрооро╛роХро╡роорпН рпИродродрпНродро┐роиро╛рпИро│ рпЖродро▒рпН роХро╛роЪро┐роп роиро╛роХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роороХрпН роХро│рпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН роХро│рпН . роЗро╡рпН ро╡ро╛ рпЗродроЪ роОро▓рпН рпИро▓роХро│рпН роХроЯроирпН роорпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роЯрокрпН рокроорпН рпИрод роороХро░ роЪроЩрпН роХро░ро╛роирпН родро┐ родро┐ро╡ро┐ро┤ро╛ - рокро╛ро░родродрпН родро┐ройрпН роТрпИроорокрпН рокро╛роЯрпН рпИрой рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╛роорпН рпЖрокро╡ро┐ро┤ро╛ роОройрпН рокродро┐ро▓рпН роЪроирпН рпЗродроХроорпН роЗро▓рпН рпИро▓. роЕрпИройро╡роХрпН роорпН роЗройро┐роп рпЖрокро╛роЩрпН роХро▓рпН родро┐роиро╛ро│рпН роиро▓рпН ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНродрпН роХро│рпН !. A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 19

Incredible India: Images of India through Paintwork Chandra A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 20

Incredible India: Images of India through Paintwork Chandra A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 21

рпЖродройро╛ро▓ро┐ роЗро░ро╛рооройрпН роХрпИродроХро│рпН : роЗройро┐рокрпН рок роЙрогро╡ро┐ройрпН рпЗро╡ро░рпН роХро│рпН роЖродро┐родрпН родро┐ропройрпН роТрпИро▒, рпЖродро╛рпИро▓ро░ роиро╛роЯрпНро▓ро┐роирпН роЕро░роЪ ро╡ро┐роирпН родро┐ройро░рпН роТро╡ро░рпН рооройрпН ройро░рпН роХро┐ро╖рпН рогрпЗродро╡ ро░ро╛ропро░ро┐ройрпН роЕро░роЪрпИро╡роХрпН ро╡роирпН родро╛ро░рпН . роЕро░роЪро░рпН роЕро╡роХрпН роЕройрпН рокро╛рой ро╡ро░рпЗро╡ро▒рпН рок роЕро│ро┐родрпН родроЩрпН ро╡родро▒рпН роПро▒рпН рокро╛ рпЖроЪропрпН родро╛ро░рпН . ро╡ро┐роирпН родро┐ройроХрпН роЗройро┐рокрпН рокроХрпИро│ ро╡ро┤роЩрпН рооро╛ роЕро░роЪ роЪрпИрооропро▓рпН роХро╛ро░ро░ро┐роЯроорпН рооройрпН ройро░рпН рпЗроХроЯрпН роЯро╛ро░рпН . ро╡ро┐роирпН родро┐ройро░рпН роЗройро┐рокрпН рокроХрпИро│ роЪро╛рокрпН рокро┐роЯрпН , рооро┐роХро╡роорпН роороХро┐ро┤рпНроирпН родро╛ро░рпН . "роЗроирпН род роЗройро┐рокрпН рокроХро│рпН рооро┐роХро╡роорпН роЗройро┐рпИрооропро╛роХ роЗроирпН родродро╛ро▓рпН , роЕродройрпН рпЗро╡ро░рпН роХро│рпН роОро╡рпН ро╡ро│ро╡ роЗройро┐рпИрооропро╛роХ роЗроХрпНроорпН роОройрпН роиро╛ройрпН роЖроЪрпНроЪро░ро┐ропрокрпН рокроХро┐рпЗро▒ройрпН !", роОройрпН ро╡ро┐роирпН родро┐ройро░рпН роиро┐рпИройродрпНродро╛ро░рпН . роЕро╡ро░рпН роЪрпИрооропро▓рпН роХро╛ро░ро░ро┐роЯроорпН, "роЗроирпН род роЗройро┐рокрпН рокро┐ройрпН рпЗро╡ро░рпН роХрпИро│роХрпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН ро╡ро░ ропрооро╛?" роОройрпН рпЗроХроЯрпН роЯро╛ро░рпН . ро╡ро┐роирпН родро┐ройро░ро┐ройрпН рпЗроХро╛ро░ро┐роХрпН рпИроХрпИропрокрпН рокро▒рпН ро▒ро┐ роЪрпИрооропро▓рпН роХро╛ро░ро░рпН роЕро░роЪро░ро┐роЯроорпН ро▒ро┐ройро╛ро░рпН . "роЗройро┐рокрпН рокроХрпН рпЗро╡ро░рпН роХро│рпН роЗро▓рпН рпИро▓. роЕрпИрод роиро╛ройрпН роОрокрпН рок роЕро╡роХрпНрокрпН роОродрпН роХрпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН ро╡роирпН рпЖроХро╛рокрпН рпЗрокройрпН ?" роОройрпН роХро╡рпИро▓рокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯро╛ро░рпН рооройрпН ройро░рпН . A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 22

рпЖродройро╛ро▓ро┐ роЗро░ро╛рооройрпН роХрпИродроХро│рпН : роЗройро┐рокрпН рок роЙрогро╡ро┐ройрпН рпЗро╡ро░рпН роХро│рпН роЖродро┐родрпН родро┐ропройрпН рооройрпН ройро░рпН родрой ро╡ро┐роирпН родро┐ройрпИро░ роЕродро┐рокрпН родро┐ роЕрпИроЯроп ро╡ро┐роорпНрокро╡ро┐ро▓рпН рпИро▓, роОройрпЗро╡ роЕро╡ро░рпН родрой роЕро░роЪрпИро╡ роороирпН родро┐ро░ро┐ роЙрокрпН рокро┐ройро░рпН роХро│ро┐роЯроорпН роЕро╡ро░рпН ро╡ро┐роирпН родро┐ройро░ро┐ройрпН рпЗроХро╛ро░ро┐роХрпН рпИроХрпИроп роиро┐рпИро▒рпЗро╡ро▒рпН ро▒ ропрпИроо роОройрпН рпЗроХроЯрпН роЯро╛ро░рпН . роЖройро╛ро▓рпН роЕроирпН род роЪро╡ро╛рпИро▓ ропро╛роорпН роПро▒рпН роХро╡ро┐ро▓рпН рпИро▓. роЗродро┐ропро╛роХ, рокродрпН родро┐роЪро╛ро▓ро┐родрпН родройрооро╛рой роороирпН родро┐ро░ро┐ рпЖродройро╛ро▓ро┐ ро░ро╛рооройрпН ройрпН ро╡роирпН родро╛ро░рпН . "роЗройро┐рокрпН рокро┐ройрпН рпЗро╡ро░рпН роХрпИро│роХрпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН ро╡рпЗро╡ройрпН , рооройрпН ройрпЗро░!" роОройрпН роЕро╡ро░рпН ро▒ро┐ройро╛ро░рпН . роЪро┐ро▒ро┐ рпЗроиро░роорпН роХро┤ро┐родрпН , рпЖродройро╛ро▓ро┐ ро░ро╛рооройрпН ро╡ро┐роирпН родро┐ройроХрпН рогрпН рогро┐ропро╛ро▓рпН роЯрокрпН рокроЯрпН роЯ роТ родроЯрпН рпИроЯ ро╡ро┤роЩрпН роХро┐ройро╛ро░рпН . "роЗройро┐рокрпН рокро┐ройрпН рпЗро╡ро░рпН роХро│рпН роЗроЩрпН рпЗроХ роЙро│рпН ро│рой," роОройрпН роЕро╡ро░рпН ро▒ро┐ройро╛ро░рпН . "роЪро░рпН роХрпН роХрпИро░ропро┐ро▓рпН роЗроирпН роЗройро┐рокрпН рок ро╡роХро┐ро▒, роЗ роХроорпНрокро┐ро▓ро┐роирпН родропро╛ро░ро┐роХрпН роХрокрпН рокроХро┐ро▒," роОройрпН ро▒ро╛ро░рпН ро░ро╛рооройрпН . "роОройрпЗро╡ роХроорпНрок родро╛ройрпН роЗройро┐рокрпН рокро┐ройрпН рпЗро╡ро░рпН " роОройрпН ро▒ро╛ро░рпН ро░ро╛рооройрпН . ро╡ро┐роирпН родро┐ройро░рпН роЕройрпН рокро│ро┐рокрпН рпИрок роороХро┐ро┤рпНроЪрпН роЪро┐ропроЯройрпН роПро▒рпН роХрпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН рокропрогродрпНрпИрод рпЖродро╛роЯроЩрпН роХро┐ройро╛ро░рпН . "рпЖродройро╛ро▓ро┐ро░ро╛рооро╛, роЙройрпН рпИрой роиро┐рпИройродрпН роиро╛ройрпН рпЖрокрпИроорокрпН рокроХро┐рпЗро▒ройрпН ," роОройрпН рооройрпН ройройрпН ро▒ро┐ройро╛ро░рпН , "родроирпН родро┐ро░рооро╛рой ро┤рпНроиро┐рпИро▓ропро┐ро▓рпН роирпА роОройроХрпН роЙродро╡ро┐ рпЖроЪропрпН родро╛ропрпН " роОройрпН ро▒ро╛ро░рпН . A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 23

Breathtaking Cave Temples In India: By Ayan The Cave Temples of Bombay and beyond email: [email protected] Ayan It is a hot unforgiving summer in Mumbai тАУ I am in Andheri, a bustling hub in the west of the gigantic cosmopolis, but here in the basalt, rock-cut cocoon of the Mahakali caves, time seems to have been trapped in a bubble. The skies are silent, blue, and only interrupted by the flight of a coppersmith barbet. The red gulmohur trees sway gently, and the rocks feel surprisingly cold inside the caves - in the darkened silence all around, they seem to be meditating exactly as their inmate monks would have, about 2000 years back. On first glance, these 19 Buddhist caves seem uninteresting, belittled by the high-rises of the 21st century all around тАУ there seems nothing spectacular, but closer inspection will reveal minimalist viharas (cells where Buddhist monks used to meditate, and incidentally the term that gave the state of Bihar its name), a slightly larger chaitya (prayer hall where the monks would congregate) containing a pockmarked stupa (hemispherical structure that would in larger ancient monasteries contain relics) тАУ the triumvirate that completes any Buddhist monastery. Further scrutiny will reveal dilapidated rock - cut sculptures standing as silent sentinels over two millennia since the times of Ashoka, cisterns for rain-water harvesting and inscriptions in Pali, a language older than Sanskrit. It was in this time bubble of the Mahakali or Kondivite caves (apparently named after a Kali temple nearby with the stupa often mistaken for a shiva-linga) that I first realised that, besides the pinnacle in Ajanta and Ellora, there were scores of rock-cut caves strewn all over the Deccan, many to be found right here within the city. The Mahakali caves were, in a way, a revelation or a prologue to my quest to further understand more of these rock-cut shards of history that lie unobtrusively in Mumbai and beyond. Patronage from Buddhist and Hindu rulers: As in any city from ancient times, Mumbai (or Bombay from a few decades back), has multiple layers as well, though these are perhaps not as celebrated as Delhi or Ahmedabad. Walking back in time before the Parsees, the British, the Portuguese, the Muslim rulers of the Bahmanis and the Gujarati sultanate, we can trace Bombay to be the land of seven islands. In ancient times, Bombay was recorded by Greek geographer Ptolemy as Hepta-nesia or seven islands тАУ it was only in the 19th century that these islands were merged together by the British along with the islands of Salcette and Trombay to form the modern day city, the moniker тАШBombayтАЩ already provided by the Portuguese three centuries earlier to mark the archipelago as a тАШgood bayтАЩ or bom bahia in their tongue. In the 3rd century BC though, these swampy islands along with the Deccan was a part of the mighty Ashokan empire тАУ further validated by the existence of Ashokan edicts near the present day Nalasopara, which was once known as Sopara, and was one of the largest ports on the western coast of the peninsula trading with Arabia and Egypt. Trade flourished from Sopara and its wealth ensured constant patronage for Buddhism and later on Hinduism, which in turn financed the development of multiple monasteries and cave temples. Over centuries, multiple rulers тАУ the Satavahans, the Vakatakas (patrons of Ajanta), the Chalukyas and the Rashtrakutas (patrons of Ellora) among many others flourished in the Deccan, some supporting the Buddhist Sangha, some the Brahmanical Hindus тАУ nonetheless contributing to the many cave temples of the Deccan. A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 24

Breathtaking Cave Temples In India: By Ayan The Cave Temples of Bombay and beyond email: [email protected] Ayan A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 25

Breathtaking Cave Temples In India: By Ayan The Cave Temples of Bombay and beyond email: [email protected] Ayan The Elephanta Caves: Perhaps the grandest of all the Hindu caves around Bombay is the Elephanta Caves (others being Jogeshwari and Mandapeshwar, though much smaller in scale). It was perhaps a Buddhist site first evident from a few Buddhist caves, but it is largely famous today for its Shaivite sculptures, perhaps developed after the 5th Century AD by the Kalachuri dynasty. The statues showcasing various stories from the Shiva Purana are grand both in size and exquisiteness and is one of three UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Mumbai (the gargoyle laden CST station and the art deco buildings in the Fort area being the others, while Ajanta and Ellora complete the UNESCO list for the state of Maharashtra). Once called Gharapuri (the village of caves), travellers to Elephanta will definitely find the ferry journey from the Gateway of India delightful. As I felt the salty breeze of the Arabian on the journey, it felt quite mystical to sail this far to see medieval Hindu caves, but I reminded myself again that this was once, archipelago land. The name, Elephanta, came from the statue of an elephant that once used to stand on this island, and was used as the most important landmark for disembarking boats тАУ today, the reconstructed and renovated elephant statue can still be seen at the Jijamata Udyan. The grandest sculptures in Elephanta can be seen in what is called the Great Cave тАУ complete with 4 entrances, guarded by gigantic dwarpalas or gatekeepers, and full of larger-than-life sculptures of Shiva in his various forms. There is almost a sense of poetic fluidity in these sculptures - dynamic, full of gestures and almost arising from the rocky walls on which they were carved. Of these, the magnum opus is the three-headed Trimurti or the Sadashiva (the eternal Shiva), a depiction of Shiva with three heads and symbolising the trinity of creation тАУ preservation тАУ destruction all within himself. The right-headed face holds a lotus (reminding me of AjantaтАЩs Padmapani) and is Uma or Vamadeva тАУ the feminine side of Shiva, and hence symbolic of creation; to the left lies a moustachioed Bhairav or Rudra тАУ the enraged harbinger of destruction holding a serpent. Delicately balancing these two ends is the calm, meditative face in the centre, that of the Tatpurusha Mahadev, who fuses masculinity with femineity and beholds a citrus, symbolic of fecundity or preservation of the universe. The central image has a resplendent headdress that towers in the shape of the linga, while the thick lips, meditative eyes and elongated ears are strikingly similar to depictions of the Buddha, displaying the syncretism of art between Buddhism and Hinduism (which, together with Jainism would reach its pinnacle in the Ellora caves in another 200 years). For those in search of the mystic intangibility of Shaivism, this sculpture is also called the pancha-mukhi Shiva or five headed Shiva тАУ besides the three visible forms, there is one more head of Shiva into the wall, and finally the transcendental fifth head above this quartet which of course is invisible and not meant for mortal eyes. This depiction of the Mahadeva encompassing all of creation, preservation and destruction is also metaphorical of the conceived superiority that Shaivism would bestow upon Mahadev over any other gods in the pantheon. It is reminiscent of a story from the Shiva Purana where Brahma and Vishnu fight between themselves claiming superiority, when Shiva comes in the form of an infinite beam of light that neither fail to surpass, thereby proving his transcendence over all others in the cosmos. A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2022 тЧП PAGE 26

Breathtaking Cave Temples In India: By Ayan The Cave Temples of Bombay and beyond email: [email protected] Ayan There are many other depictions of Shiva in this cave of grandeur тАУ there is the exuberant mutli-armed depiction of Nataraja, the divine dancer; then there is the graceful Ardhanarishwar - the androgynous version of Shiva that conjoins male and female, worshipper and worshipped, black and white тАУ an almost anthropomorphic version of Hindu Yin-Yang, reclining on the Nandi; Mahadeva is also depicted as the Gangadhar Shiva, where he receives Ganga from the heavens on Earth to cleanse and redeem the sons of Bhagiratha. There are perhaps very few places in the subcontinent where the stories of Shiva are brought to life in this grandeur in a rock-cut montage. It must have been a great pilgrimage centre in the revival of Hinduism in the first millennium, and while a lot has been destroyed on this island of ingenuity by the occupying forces of the Portuguese, a lot remains - preserved, and restored by the British the Archaeological Survey of India. A day spent in Elephanta will surely rekindle your interest in the Puranic stories, if not in the wider realm of Indian rock-cut architecture where this small island undoubtedly joins the likes of Ellora and Mahabaleshwar. Dwarfed by these immense statues laced with metaphors, and hidden in dark brooding caves, I definitely felt like Indiana Jones and had a great learning experience, in a rediscovery of Indian mysticism. The ferry journey back to the city towards dusk was the icing on the cake тАУ in the backdrop of the orange candied skies of an Arabian sunset, it seemed almost like a journey in both space and time, bringing history-pilgrims like myself back to the present day, after 1500 years that only amplified the magnificence of all I had seen. If in Bombay, Bollywood can wait тАУ but a visit to Elephanta should definitely be on your cards! The Kanheri Caves: The Kanheri Caves were perhaps BuddhismтАЩs reply to Elephanta and is today located near Borivalli in the western part of Mumbai within the Sanjay Gandhi National Park тАУ one of the largest urban national parks (housed within a city) in the world. Today the urban sprawl that is Mumbai has swallowed the forests around the National Park but centuries back, the pilgrimage to these caves at the top of the Krishnagiri (or Kanhagiri, thereby Kanheri) would have been as big an adventure as sailing over to Elephanta. On the crest of a volcanic hill, crossing dense forests, criss-crossing rivers and waterfalls is part of the excitement in reaching this time-bubble that has thankfully been preserved quite well. Lasting over a millennium from the 1st century to the 10th century AD, the precinct has over 100 caves, the scale a representation of the importance of Kanheri as a Buddhist centre in medieval India тАУ apparently also visited by Chinese traveller Hieun Tsang in his Buddhist pilgrimage across India. Developed over three hills, Kanheri is enormous тАУ and if you go with the curiosity of an explorer, every inch of the carved caves will fill you with excitement and amazement тАУ series of steps carved onto a bald red hill leading to the caves here, channels scoured atop the caves to collect rainwater there, a modest hidden cave with just a rock-cut plinth to show the level of austerity of the monksтАЩ everyday life тАУ extant signs of a bygone time that will fill you with wonder on one hand, and melancholy on the other - that you were not there to see the sober splendour that was Kanheri. A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2022 тЧП PAGE 27

Breathtaking Cave Temples In India: By Ayan The Cave Temples of Bombay and beyond email: [email protected] Ayan Heptanesia, with its ports of Sopara and Kalayan, was a known trading pit-stop from ancient times тАУ the trade in turn progressed via land routes into the Deccan and led to the flourishing of many townships that have become everyday names in todayтАЩs Greater Mumbai тАУ Thane, Ghorbandar, Chemula or Chembur, Vasai to name a few. The wealth of these towns led to the flourishing of Kanheri, evident from its scale and longevity. Not just kings, the common man, merchants, brahmins, administrative officers and trade guilds all contributed to the caves in want of religious merit. Some of these donors - contributing to a pillar, a staircase, a cistern тАУ have their names carved in stone within the caves. Inscriptions in Brahmi, Devanagari and Pahlavi record the names of these donors, some as far away from Gaur (Bengal). There are records of donations by Shilahara kings from the 9th century тАУ it is interesting to note that donors were not just Buddhists but people of all religions (such as the Shilahara Hindu rulers who supported Kanheri in its last days even as Buddhism was in its decline) implying that unlike today, religions, despite their differences, had helped bind people together with noble causes. As I walked by around the caves with these thoughts, the rock cut inscriptions seemed to whisper that, perhaps, sadly, we are one thousand years too late! While Kanheri is large and austere, it also has sections with incredible sculptures тАУ rock cut figures of donors, exquisitely carved pillars with rich capitals, a cavernous chaitya hall, stupas and entire walls decorated with depictions of the Buddha and the bodhisattvas and Nagas тАУ in fact, giant statues of the standing Buddha greet you towards the very beginning at Cave 3 and may remind you of Bamiyan with its similar standing Buddhas, carved out of a rocky mountain face. If you visit Kanheri, do take some time to sit down and look at the sprawling city as well. Parts of the Mumbai skyline make a valiant effort to bring you back to the present while the Global Vipassana Pagoda at Gorai glint gracefully in gold (based on MyanmarтАЩs Shwedagon pagoda) and remind you that the message of the Buddha is still alive, relevant and offering a source of strength even today after centuries. There are other Buddhist caves in Mumbai, much smaller in scale тАУ such as the Magathane and Jogeshwari caves, though some of these have heavily dilapidated over time. Nonetheless, if you are still thirsty to purse Buddhism and its cave temples, you will need to head out of Mumbai, towards Pune, following the ancient trade routes where more surprise, subtlety and sublimity await in the Sahyadris. The Karla Caves: Just 10 km away from the tourist hotspot of Lonavala, 90 km south east of Mumbai lies yet another spectacle тАУ the Karla or Karli Caves. The Mumbai-Pune expressway zips nearby, but time will tell you that this modern-day superfast highway has only built on layers of the past тАУ this was indeed an important trade route in the Deccan leading to frequent travels by traders and merchants тАУ and prompting the development of Buddhist monastic caves that not only supported and sheltered these traders but also benefited from their benevolence. This is what led to the rise of the Bhaja caves, the Bedse caves and the grandest of them all, the Karla caves, dating from the 2nd Century BC to the 5th century AD. Though there are only 16 caves here, it is the grand Chaitya hall of Karla that earns it, its laurels тАУ at a height of 14m, and running 45m long, it is the largest chaitya hall in India, complete with a series of 15 octagonal pillars on each side, topped with exquisitely designed capitals and filled with sculptures of men, A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 28

Breathtaking Cave Temples In India: By Ayan The Cave Temples of Bombay and beyond email: [email protected] Ayan women and animals. It is said that the artistry of the chaitya hall was improved over centuries first at Bhaja and Ajanta, then at nearby Nasik Caves, Bedse caves to eventually be perfected at Karla. The chaitya hall at Kanheri was made later and is a replica of Karla. Not just large, Karla also retains the chaitya in its original form, replete with the wooden semi-circular beams supporting the roof (and making one feel as if he is inside the ribbed belly of a leviathan). Not just that, the wooden umbrella (indicative of enlightenment akin to halos on Christian saints) atop the rock hewn chaitya still remains intact from its original times. Outside the Chaitya is a large facade carved with windows ensuring ample illumination of the structures within. There are large statues of elephants within the caves (reminiscent of Elephanta) and are also amply represented on the capitals of the pillars carrying men and women. There are inscriptions on the caves reminding of the donors, particularly the Satavahan kings, while mention of Yavan donors (Greeks or Greek speaking people) remind us how cosmopolitan was this place even two thousand years ago. If you happen to visit these caves during the monsoons, the greenery of the hills veined with waterfalls will take your breath away. When I was visiting post monsoon, there was also a pilgrimage of the koli (fishermen) community who worship the mother goddess Ekveera here in a temple built just in front of the caves. I found their raucous revelry a bit annoying until it dawned on me that this tolerance was the very bedrock that sustained both Hinduism and Buddhism (and Jainism) for centuries on these hills, the past indeed showing the way for the future. If you travel around the Sahyadri Ghats of Mumbai and Pune, you are sure to come across some of these fascinating caves that will take you back in time. Perhaps besides the popular names and finds, there are many more that have been obscured and are yet to be found. New caves in the Kanheri complex were discovered as recently as 2016, while some were found in Nasik in 2021. I still remember I was hiking in the hills of Igatpuri (100 km from Mumbai) when I stumbled upon an old cave dripping with the monsoons, clad in moss but still full of sculptures and pillars. I later found that these were Jain caves, with carvings of Rishaba, and though derelict, they were revered by the locals. Perhaps it is the volcanic basalt of the Deccan traps that are easier to carve that helped these cave temples proliferate, perhaps it was the Indo-roman trade, or the religious tolerance and need for religious merit that helped these cave temples succeed and last for centuries - Whatever be the cause, their existence in the 21st century is reason for celebration enough and we should make every effort not just to preserve them but also learn from them the tales of history. So the next time you find yourself in a time bubble of these cave temples, inside or out of pulsating Mumbai on a hot sunny day, do take your time to look beyond their rocky veneer, and let the caves whisper to you, just as they have been whispering for centuries, that time flies, but eternity is written on these very rocksтАж A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 29

Beautiful & the most famous Fort: Agra Fort (built 1573) Dinesh Agra Fort (built 1573) is a historical fort in the city of Agra in India and a very beautiful fort. It was the main residence of the emperors of the Mughal Dynasty for 200 years. It was the power center of Indian subcontinent. One must visit here as it's beyond description. The Agra Fort won the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2004. India Post issued a stamp to commemorate this event. This is the first world heritage site of India. Agra Fort is a historical fort, which remained the attracts many tourists from all over the world. main residence of the Mughal emperors till 1638. The base of the fort faces the bank of the river Agra Fort was built in the year 1573 under the Yamuna. The Agra Fort is enclosed by a double reign of Akbar. The fort is separated from its battlemented massive wall of red sandstone. sister monument Taj Mahal by just 2.5 kilometers. Often described as the walled city, The walls of the fort are a massive seventy feet Agra Fort is a UNESCO World Heritage site. high. The fort stretches for almost 2.5 kilometers. Today, the fort is a major tourist spot and It has four gates (one on each side). A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 30

Beautiful & the most famous Fort: Agra Fort (built 1573) Dinesh Agra Fort (built 1573) is a historical fort in the city of Agra in India and a very beautiful fort. It was the main residence of the emperors of the Mughal Dynasty for 200 years. It was the power center of Indian subcontinent. One must visit here as it's beyond description. The Agra Fort won the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2004. India Post issued a stamp to commemorate this event. This is the first world heritage site of India. A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 31

родро┐роХрпН ро▒ро│рпН : роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрокроорпН рпЖроЪропро┐роЯроорпНрокроорпН роЗроирпН родро┐ро░ро╛ "роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрпИрок роУроорпНрокро┐ роЙродрпН родрооро░ро╛ропрпН роЖроХро╛рооро▓рпН рпЖроЪропро┐роЯроорпНрокро╛ро▓рпН роОройрпН рой рокропройрпН " роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрок... рооройро┐родроХрпН рооро╛родрпНродро┐ро░роорпН роЙроЯроорпНрок (рпЗродроХроорпН) роиро╛ройрпН рпЖроХрой роЖройрпН рпЗро▒ро╛ро░рпН роХрогрпН роЯройро░рпН . роОроорпНрок, роиро░роорпН рок, роЪрпИрод, роЗро░родрпН родроорпН роЖроХро┐ропрпИро╡роХро│ро╛ро▓ро╛рой роЙроЯроорпНрокроЯройрпН ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНро╡ роОро▓рпН рпЗро▓ро╛роХрпН роорпН рпЖродро░ро┐ропроорпН. роЗ рпИро▒ропрпИроЯроп роЕро┤ро┐ропроорпН родройрпН рпИрооропродро╛ропрпН роЗрокрпН рокродро╛ро▓рпН роЗродрпИрой родро┐ро╡ро│рпН ро╡ро░рпН рпЖроЪропро┐роЯроорпНрок роОройрпН ро▒ро╛ро░рпН . роЖро╡ро┐ропро┐ройро╛ро▓рпН , роЕроХрпН роХро│ро┐ройрпН рпЗроХро╛ро░рпН рпИро╡ропро╛роХ роЗроХрпН роорпН роЕро┤ро┐ропро╛род роЙроЯрпИро▓ роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрок роОройрпН ро▒ро╛ро░рпН . роЕрпЗро╡ роЙропро┐ро░ро┐ройрпН роЗрокрпН рокро┐роЯроорпН. роЙропро┐ро░рпН рпЗро╡, роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрок рпЗро╡. роХройродрпНрокрпН рпЖрокродрпНроХрпН роХро╛роорпНрокропро╛роХ роЗрокрпН рок рпЖроЪропро┐роЯроорпНрок. роХро╛рогропро╛родрок роЯрпН рокрооро╛роХ роЗрокрпН рок роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрок. роЗро╡рпН ро╡ро┐ро░рогрпН рпИроЯропроорпН роХро╛родрпН рпЗродро╛роорпНрокродро▓рпН роироорпН роХроЯрпИрооропро╛роорпН. роЗро╡рпН ро╡ро┐ро░рогрпН роорпН роЗрпИрогроирпН роЗропроЩрпН ро╡рпИрод ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНро╡ роОройрпН роХро┐рпЗро▒ро╛роорпН. рпЖроЪропро┐роЯроорпНрпИрок ро╡ро┐роЯрпН роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрок рокро┐ро░ро┐ропроорпНрпЗрокро╛ рооро░рогроорпН роЪроорпНрокро╡ро┐роХрпН роХро┐ро▒. роЙрогро░рпНро╡, роиро┐рпИройро╡, роЕро▒ро┐ро╡ роЖроХро┐ропрпИро╡ роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрокро┐ро▓рпН роиро┐рпИро▓родрпНродро┐роХрпН роХро┐ройрпН ро▒рой. роЕрпИро╡ роЕро┤ро┐ро╡родро┐ро▓рпН рпИро▓. роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрок ройрпН роЗродро┤рпНроХрпИро│роХрпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯ рооро▓рпИро░рокрпН рпЗрокро╛ройрпН ро▒. роЕроорпНройрпН рпИро▒ропроорпН роЕроХро░роорпН, роЕро╡рпН ро╡, роОродрпН роОройрпН ро▒ро╛ро░рпН родро┐ро╡ро│рпН ро╡ро░рпН . роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрок роЗройрпН ройрпЖродройродрпН рпЖродро░ро┐ропро╛родро╡ро░рпН роЕрпИродроХрпН роХро╛родрпНрпЗродро╛роорпНрок ропро╛. рпЖроЪропро┐роЯроорпНрокро┐ройрпН ро╡роЪродро┐роХрпН роХро╛роХро╡роорпН роЗройрпН рокродрпН родро┐ро▒рпН роХро╛роХро╡рпЗроо роОро▓рпН рпЗро▓ро╛роорпН рпЖроЪропро▓ро╛ро▒рпН ро▒ро┐, роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрпИрокрокрпН рокро▒роХрпН роХрогро┐родрпН ро╡ро┐роХро┐ройрпН ро▒ройро░рпН . A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 32

родро┐роХрпН ро▒ро│рпН : роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрокроорпН рпЖроЪропро┐роЯроорпНрокроорпН роЗроирпН родро┐ро░ро╛ рпЖроЪропро┐роЯроорпНрокро┐ройрпН ро╡роЪродро┐роХрпН роХро╛роХ ро╡роЮрпН роЪроорпН, рпЖрокро╛ропрпН , роХро│ро╡, , роХро╛роороорпН, рпЗроХро╛рокроорпН, рпЗро▓ро╛рокроорпН, рпЗрооро╛роХроорпН, рокро╛ро╡роорпН, рпЗро░ро╛родроорпН, роЖрогро╡роорпН, роЖроЯроорпНрокро░роорпН, роЖродро┐роХрпН роХроорпН роЖроХро┐роп родрпАроп рпЖроЪропро▓рпН роХрпИро│роЪрпН рпЖроЪропрпН роХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН роХро│рпН . роЕродройро╛ро▓рпН родро╛ройрпН роЙроЯрпИро▓ ро╡ро┐роЯрпН роЙропро┐ро░рпН рокро┐ро░ро┐роирпН рооро░рогроорпН роЪроорпНрокро╡ро┐роХрпН роХро┐ро▒. роЗродрпИройродрпН родро▒рпН рпЖроХро╛рпИро▓ роОройро╡роорпН ро▒ро▓ро╛роорпН. роТро╡ройрпН роироЮрпН роЕроирпН родро┐ роЪро╛ро╡рпИродродрпН родро▒рпН рпЖроХро╛рпИро▓ роОройрпН роХро┐рпЗро▒ро╛роорпН. родрпАроп рпЖроЪропро▓рпН роХро│ро╛ро▓рпН роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрпИрокрокрпН рокро┐ро░ро┐ро╡роорпН родро▒рпН рпЖроХро╛рпИро▓рпЗроп. роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрпИрок роУроорпНрокро┐роЪрпН роЪро╛роХро╛родро┐роХрпН роХ ропрооро╛? ропроорпН. роирпАродро┐ ро▓рпН роХро│рпН ропро╛ро╡роорпН роЕродро▒рпН роХро╛рой ро╡ро┤ро┐рпИроп ро╡родрпНро│рпН ро│рой. родро┐роХрпН ро▒ро│рпН ро╡роорпН роЕрпИродрпЗроп рпЗрокро╛родро┐роХрпН роХро┐ро▒. "роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрокро┐ройрпН роирпАроХрпН роХро┐ ропро╛рпЖро░ройрпН рок рпЖроЪропро┐роЯроорпНрокро┐ройрпН рпЖроЪро▓рпН ро▓ро╛родрпН родрпА ро╡ро╛ро┤рпН роХрпН рпИроХ ропро╡ро░рпН " рпЖроЪропро┐роЯроорпНрокро┐ройрпН рпЖроЪро▓рпН ро▓ро╛родрпН родрпА ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНроХрпН рпИроХ ропро╡ро░рпН = рокро┐рогро┐ропроЯро▓ро┐ройрпН ро╡роЪродро┐роХрпН роХро╛роХ родроХро╛род родрпАроЪрпНрпЖроЪропро▓ро╛ро▒рпН рокро╡ро░рпН A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 33

родро┐роХрпН ро▒ро│рпН : роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрокроорпН рпЖроЪропро┐роЯроорпНрокроорпН роЗроирпН родро┐ро░ро╛ роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрокро┐ройрпН роирпАроХрпН роХро┐ ропро╛рпЖро░ройрпН рок = роЬро╡рпА рпЗродроХродрпН рпИрод роЗро┤роХрпН роорпНрок родро▒рпН рпЖроХро╛рпИро▓ рпЖроЪропрпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯро╡ро░ро╛роорпН. роЙропро┐роЯроорпНрпИрокроХрпН роХро╛родрпН роХрпН рпЖроХро╛ро│рпН ро│ родро▒рпН роХрогрпН рпЖроЪропрпН роп рпЗро╡рогрпН роп рпЖрокро░ро┐рпЗропро╛рпИро░родрпН рпИрогропро╛роХ, ро╡ро╛роХ, рпЖродропрпН ро╡рооро╛роХроХрпН рпЖроХро╛ро│рпН ро│ рпЗро╡рогрпН роорпН. (рпЖрокро░ро┐рпЗропро╛рпИро░родрпН рпИрог рпЗроХро╛роЯро▓рпН ) "роЙро▒рпН ро▒рпЗроиро╛ропрпН роирпАроХрпН роХро┐ роЙро▒ро╛рпИроо ро▒рпН роХро╛роХрпН роорпН рпЖрокро▒рпН ро▒ро┐ропро╛ро░рпН рокрпН рпЗрокрогро┐роХрпН рпЖроХро╛ро│ро▓рпН " рпА рокро┐ро▒ро╡ро┐рокрпН рокро┐рогро┐рпИроп роирпАроХрпН роХро┐ роорогрпН роорпН роЕроирпН рпЗроиро╛ропрпН роЕроХро╛родрок роироорпНрпИроороХрпН роХро╛роХрпН роорпН рпЖродропрпН ро╡роХ рпА роЕро│рпН ро╡ро▓рпН ро▓рокроЩрпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роЯ рпЖрокро░ро┐рпЗропро╛рпИро░родрпН рпЖродропрпН ро╡рооро╛роХроХрпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН ро╡ро┤ро┐рокроЯ рпЗро╡рогрпН роорпН. A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 34

рпА роЖройрпН роороХроорпН: рпЖроХро╛роЩрпН роиро╛роЯрпН родрпН родро▓роорпН роЗроирпН родро┐ро░ро╛ рпЗроХро╛ро╡ро┐ро▓рпН роЕрпИроорокрпН рок: рпЖроиро╛ропрпН ропро▓рпН роЖро▒рпН ро▒ро┐ройрпН ро╡роЯрокродро┐ропро┐ро▓рпН роЕрпИроороирпН род рпЗрооро▒рпН рпЗроиро╛роХрпН роХро┐роп родро▓роорпН родро┐роХройрпН рогрпН . рпЗрооро▒рпН родро┐рпИроЪ рпЗроиро╛роХрпН роХро┐ропро╡ро╛ роЕрпИроороирпН ро│рпН ро│ роЗроирпН род рпЗроХро╛ро╡ро┐ро▓ро┐ро▓рпН рооро▒рпН ро▒ рпЗроХро╛ро╡ро┐ро▓рпН роХрпИро│рокрпН рпЗрокро╛ро▓ рпИро┤ро╡ рпЗроХро╛рокро░роорпН роЗро▓рпН рпИро▓. рпЗроХро╛ропро┐роХрпН рпЖро╡ро│ро┐рпЗроп рпЖроХро╛роЩрпН роиро╛роЯрпН родрпН родро▓роЩрпН роХроХрпН рпЗроХ роЙро░ро┐родрпН родро╛рой роХроЩрпН роХро▓рпН родрпАрокро╕рпН родроорпНрокроорпН роЙро│рпН ро│. рооро╛ро░рпН 1 роПроХрпН роХро░рпН рокро░рокрпН рокро│ро╡ро┐ро▓рпН роиро╛ройрпН рокро▒роорпН роЙропро░рпН роирпН род роородро┐ро▓рпН ро╡ро░рпН роХрпИро│ роЙрпИроЯропродро╛ропрпН 2 рокро┐ро░ро╛роХро╛ро░роЩрпН роХроЯройрпН роЗроирпН родроХрпН рпЗроХро╛ро╡ро┐ро▓рпН роЕрпИроороирпН родро┐роХрпН роХро┐ро▒. рпЗроХро╛ро╡ро┐ро▓ро┐ройрпН ро▓ро╡ро░ро╛рой родро┐роХроиро╛родро░рпН роЪро┐ро╡ро▓ро┐роЩрпН роХ рокродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН рооро╛ро░рпН 2 1/2 роЕ роЙропро░роорпН роЙро│рпН ро│родро╛роХ родро░ро┐роЪройроорпН родроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН . рпЗрооро▒рпН рокрпН рокро╛ро░рпН родрпН ро▓ро╡ро░рпН роЪроирпН роиро┐родро┐ роЙро│рпН ро│. роХро╡рпИро▒ропро┐ройрпН рокро┐ройрпН рокро▒роЪрпН ро╡ро░ро┐ро▓рпН ропро╛рпИрой роТройрпН роорпНрокро┐роХрпН рпИроХропро╛ро▓рпН роЪро┐ро╡ро▓ро┐роЩрпН роХродрпН рпИродродрпН роХрпН роХро┐рокрпН рокро┐родрпН родро┐рокрпН рокрпИрод роЕро┤роХро┐роп рокрпИроЯрокрпН рокроЪрпН роЪро┐ро▒рпН рокрооро╛роХ ро╡родрпНро│рпН ро│ройро░рпН . роХро╡рпИро▒ ро╡ро┐рооро╛ройродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН роЕро┤роХро┐роп рпИродроЪрпН роЪро┐ро▒рпН рокроЩрпН роХро│рпН роЙро│рпН ро│рой. роЙроЯрпН рокро┐ро░ро╛роХро╛ро░родрпН родро┐ро▓рпН роиро┐родро┐ ро╡ро┐роиро╛ропроХро░рпН , 63 роиро╛ропройрпН рооро╛ро░рпН роХро│рпН , роЪрогрпН роХро░рпН , ро░рпН роХрпН рпИроХ, рпИрокро░ро╡ро░рпН , роЪройро╕рпА рпН ро╡ро░ро░рпН , роиро╡роХро┐ро░роХроЩрпН роХро│рпН роЪроирпН роиродро┐роХро│рпН роЙро│рпН ро│рой. ро▓ро╡ро░рпН роЪроирпН роиро┐родро┐ропро┐ройрпН ро╡ро▓ рокроХрпН роХроорпН рпЖродро▒рпН рокрпН рокро╛ро░рпН родрпН род роиро┐рпИро▓ропро┐ро▓рпН роЖ роХроЩрпН роХроЯройрпН роХро╛рогрокрпН рокроорпН роЪрогрпН роХро░рпН роЪроирпН роиро┐родро┐ роЙро│рпН ро│. 5 роЕ роЙропро░роорпН роЙро│рпН ро│ роЗроирпН род роЪро┐ро▒рпН рокроорпН ройрпН рокроХрпН роХроорпН 5 роХроЩрпН роХроорпН, рокро┐ройрпН рокроХрпН роХроорпН роТ роХроорпН роЙрпИроЯропродро╛роХ роЕрпИроороирпНро│рпН ро│. ро▓ро╡ро░рпН роЪроирпН роиро┐родро┐ропро┐ройрпН роЗроЯрокро▒роорпН рпЗрооро▒рпН рокрпН рокро╛ро░рпН родрпН род роиро┐рпИро▓ропро┐ро▓рпН роЕроорпНрокро╛ро│рпН ропроЩрпН рогрпН рпИро▓ ро╡ро▓рпН ро▓ро┐ропроорпНрпИрооропро┐ройрпН роЪроирпН роиро┐родро┐ роЕрпИроороирпН ро│рпН ро│. роЗрпИро▒ро╡ро┐ропро┐ройрпН роЗрокрпН рпЖрокропрпИро░ роирпН родро░ро░рпН родрой рокродро┐роХродрпН родро┐ройрпН 5 рокро╛роЯро▓ро┐ро▓рпН ро▒ро┐рокрпН рокро┐роЯрпН ро│рпН ро│ро╛ро░рпН . рпЗроХро╛ро╡ро┐роХрпН роЙро│рпН рпЗро│ рокро┐ро░роХро╛ро░родрпНродро┐ро▓рпН рокрпН рокро┐ро░роорогро┐роп родрпАро░рпН родрпН родроорпН, рпЗроХро╛ро╡ро┐роХрпН рпЖро╡ро│ро┐рпЗроп рокро┐ро░роорпН роо родрпАро░рпН родрпН родроорпН , роЮро╛рой родрпАро░рпН родрпН родроорпН роЗроХрпН роХро┐ро▒. роЪро┐родрпН род рокро┐ро░рпИроо рокро┐родрпН родро╡ро░рпН роХрпИро│ роЗроирпН родрпН роЪрпН роЪро┐ро╡ро╕рпН родро▓родрпН родро┐ро▒рпН роЕрпИро┤родрпН ро╡роирпН родроЩрпН роХро┐ропро┐роХрпН роХроЪрпН рпЖроЪропрпН роЕройрпН ро▒ро╛роЯроорпН ройрпН родрпАро░рпН родрпН родроЩрпН роХро│ро┐роорпН роирпАро░ро╛роЯроЪрпН рпЖроЪропрпН ро╡ро╛рооро┐рпИроп ро╡ро┤ро┐рокроЯрпН ро╡ро░ роЕро╡ро░рпН роХрпИроЯроп роЪро┐родрпНрод рокро┐ро░рпИроо роирпАроЩрпН роорпН роОройрпН рок рокроХрпН родро░рпН роХро│ро┐ройрпН роироорпН рокро┐роХрпН рпИроХ. родро▓ рокро░ро╛рогроорпН: рокро░ро╛рогроЩрпН роХро│ро┐ройрпН рок роХрокрпН рпЖрокрооро╛ройрпН роЕро░роХрпН роХройрпН ро░рокродрпН роорпИройроХрпН рпЖроХро╛ройрпН ро▒родро╛ро▓рпН роПро▒рпН рокроЯрпН роЯ рокро┐ро░роорпН рооро╣родрпН родро┐ рпЗродро╛ро╖родрпНрпИродрокрпН рпЗрокро╛роХрпН роХро┐рпЖроХро╛ро│рпН роорпН рпЖрокро╛роЯрпН роЗроирпН род роЪро┐ро╡ро╕рпН родро▓родрпН родро┐ро▒рпН ро╡роирпН роЪро┐ро╡ро▓ро┐роЩрпН роХродрпН рпИрод роиро┐ро╡ро┐ роЕродро▒рпН рпИроЬ рпЖроЪропрпН родро╛ро░рпН роОройрпН рок роРродрпАроХроорпН. рпЗроЪро░рооро╛ройрпН рпЖрокрооро╛ройрпН роиро╛ропройро╛ро░ро┐роЯроорпН рпЖрокро▒рпН ро▒ рокро░ро┐рокрпН рпЖрокро╛ро│рпН роХроЯройрпН родро┐роорпНрокро┐ ро╡роирпН рпЖроХро╛рогрпН роирпН род роирпН родро░ро░рпН родро┐роХрогрпН роЕрпЗроХ ро╡роорпН рпЗрокро╛ роЪро┐ро╡рпЖрокрооро╛ройрпН родрой родроХрогроЩрпН роХрпИро│ ро╡ро┤ро┐рокрпН рокро▒ро┐ родро┐роЯро░рпНроХро│рпН A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 35

рпА роЖройрпН роороХроорпН: рпЖроХро╛роЩрпН роиро╛роЯрпН родрпН родро▓роорпН роЗроирпН родро┐ро░ро╛ рпЗро╡роЯродрпН родро┐ро▓рпН роЕрокрпНрокро┐ роирпН родро░ро░ро┐ройрпН рокро░ро┐рокрпН рпЖрокро╛ро│рпН роХрпИро│ рпЖроХро╛ро│рпН рпИро│ропродрпН ро╡ро░роЪрпН рпЖроЪропрпН родро╛ро░рпН . роХро╡рпИро▓ роЕрпИроЯроирпНрод роирпН родро░ро░рпН родро┐роХрогрпН рпЖроЪройрпН роЗрпИро▒ро╡ройрпН рпЗрооро▓рпН рокродро┐роХроорпН рокро╛ рпИро▒ропро┐роЯрпНроЯро╛ро░рпН . ро╡ро┤ро┐рокрпН рокро▒ро┐родрпН родро┐роЯро░рпН роХро│рпН роЗроХрпН роорпН роЗроирпН род роКро░ро┐ро▓рпН роЕроирпН род рокропродрпН родро┐ро▓ро┐роирпН рокроХрпН родро░рпН роХрпИро│роХрпН роХро╛рокрпН рокро╛ро▒рпН ро▒ро╛рооро▓рпН роирпАропроорпН роЕроорпНрокро┐рпИроХропроорпН роОродро▒рпН роХро╛роХ роЗроЩрпН роЗроХрпН роХро┐ро▒ро░рпАрпН роХро│рпН роОройрпН родрой рпЗродро╡ро╛ро░рокрпН рокродро┐роХродрпН родро┐ройрпН роТро╡рпН рпЖро╡ро╛ рокро╛роЯро▓ро┐ройрпН ро╡ро┐роорпН "роОродрпН роХрпН роЗроЩрпН роЗроирпН родрпАро░рпН роОроорпН рокро┐ро░ро╛ройрпЗро░рпА " роОройрпН роиро┐роирпН родро┐рокрпН рокрпИродрокрпН рпЗрокро╛ро▓рокрпН рокро╛ропро╡роЯройрпН ро╡ро╛рооро┐ роЕродрпНродрпИрой рпЖрокро╛ро│рпН роХрпИро│ропроорпН род роХрогроЩрпН роХро│рпН ро▓роорпН роирпН родро░ро░ро┐роЯроорпН родро┐роорпН рок рпЗроЪроорпН рок рпЖроЪропрпН родро╛ро░рпН . роЗродро▒рпН роЪрпН роЪро╛ройрпН роорпН ро╡рпИроХропро┐ро▓рпН роЗроХрпН рпЗроХро╛ро╡ро┐ро▓ро┐ро▓рпН роЙро│рпН ро│ роорогрпН роЯрокродрпН родро┐ро▓рпН ро╡ро┐ро▓рпН рпИроХропро┐ро▓рпН роПроирпН родро┐ропрок рпЗро╡роЯрпН ро╡ройрпН рпЗроХро╛ро▓родрпН родро┐ро▓рпН роиро┐ро▒рпН роорпН роЪро┐ро╡рпЖрокрооро╛ройрпН роЪро┐ро▒рпН рокроорпН, роЗродро▒рпН роОродро┐ро░ро┐ро▓рпН роирпН родро░ро░рпН роХро╡рпИро▓ропроЯроорпН роороХро┐ро┤рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐ропроЯроорпН роЗроХрпН роорпН роЗ роЪро┐ро▒рпН рокроЩрпН роХро│рпН роХро╛рогрокрпН рокроХро┐ройрпН ро▒рой. рокро░ро┐рокрпН рпЖрокро╛ро│рпН роХрпИро│ рокро▒ро┐ рпЖроХро╛родрпН род роиро┐рпИро▓ роТройрпН , рокро▒ро┐ рпЖроХро╛родрпН род рпА рпЖрокро╛ро│рпН роХрпИро│ роорогрпН роорпН рпЖрокро▒рпН ро▒ роиро┐рпИро▓ рооро▒рпН рпЖро▒ро╛ройрпН роЖроХ роЗроирпН род роЗроиро┐рпИро▓роХрпИро│роХрпН роХро╛роЯрпНроорпН ро╡рпИроХропро┐ро▓рпН роЗрокрпН рокрпЗрод роирпН родро░ро░ро┐ройрпН роЗроирпН род рпА роЗро░рогрпН роЪро┐ро▒рпН рокроЩрпН роХро│рпН . роЗро┤роирпН род рпЖрокро╛рпИро│ роорогрпН роорпН рпЖрокро▒рпН ро▒ро┐роЯ, рокро░ро┐роХро╛ро░родрпН родро▓рооро╛роХ родро┐роХройрпН рогрпН ро╡ро┐ро│роЩрпН роХро┐ро▒. роЗродрпН родро▓родрпН ро╡ро┐роиро╛ропроХро░рпН рокрпН рокро┐ ро╡ро┐роиро╛ропроХро░рпН роОройрпН ро▒ рпЖрокропро░ро┐ро▓рпН роЗроЩрпН роХро╛роЯрпН роЪро┐ родроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН . роирпН родро░ро░ро┐ройрпН рокро░ро┐рокрпН рпЖрокро╛ро│рпН роХро│рпН роЪро┐ро╡рпЖрокрооро╛ройро╛ро▓рпН рпЖроХро╛ро│рпН рпИро│ропроХрпН роХрокрпН рокроЯрпН роЯ рокро┐ро▒, ро╡ро┐роиро╛ропроХро░рпН роирпН родро░рпИро░роХрпН рокрпН рокро┐роЯрпН рпЖрокро╛ро│рпН роЗроХрпН роорпН роЗроЯродрпН рпИродроХрпН роХро╛роЯрпН роЕро│ро┐ропродро╛ро▓рпН роЕро╡ро░рпН рокрпН рокро┐ ро╡ро┐роиро╛ропроХро░рпН роОройрпН ро▒ рпЖрокропро░рпН рпЖрокро▒рпН ро▒ро╛ро░рпН . родро┐роХроиро╛родро╡ро╛рооро┐ роЖро▓ропродрпНродро┐ройрпН рокро┐ройрпН рокро▒роорпН роЗро╡рпН ро╡ро╛ро▓ропродрпНродро┐ройрпН рооро┐роХ роЕрпЗроХ рооро╛родро╡рпЗройро╕рпН ро╡ро░ро░рпН рпЗроХро╛ро╡ро┐ро▓рпН роОройрпН ро▒ роТ рпЗроХро╛ро╡ро┐роорпН роЙро│рпН ро│. роЗро╡рпН ро╡ро╛ро▓ропродрпНродро┐ройрпН роХрокрпН рок роорогрпН роЯрокродрпН родро┐ройрпН рпЗрооро▒рпН рпИро░ропро┐ро▓рпН рпЖрокро░ро┐роп роироирпН родро┐рпЖропроорпН рпЖрокрооро╛ройрпН роЪро┐ро▒рпН рокроорпН роЙро│рпН ро│. роЗроХрпН рпЗроХро╛ро╡ро┐ро▓ро┐ройрпН ро╡роЯрпЗрооро▒рпН рпИро▓ропро┐ро▓рпН рпЗроХ рокроХро╡ро╛роХрпН родройро┐ роЪройрпН ройродро┐ роЕрпИроороирпН ро│рпН ро│. роЗродрпН родро▓родрпН родро┐ро▓рпН рпЗроХ рокроХро╡ро╛ройрпН роЗрпИро▒ро╡рпИрой роЬро┐родрпН родродро╛роХ родро▓ ро╡ро░ро▓ро╛ роХро┐ро▒. роОройрпЗро╡ роЗро╡рпН ро╡ро╛ро▓ропроорпН рпЗроХ рпЗродро╛ро╖родрпНродро╛ро▓рпН рокро╛родро┐роХрпН роХрокрпН рокроЯрпН роЯро╡ро░рпН роХроХрпН роУро░рпН роЕро░ро┐роп рокро░ро┐роХро╛ро░родрпН родро▓рооро╛роХ ро│роЩрпН роХро┐ро▒. роирпН родро░ро░рпН роЗродрпН родро▓родрпН роЗрпИро▒ро╡ройрпН рпЗрооро▓рпН рокро╛ропро│ро┐ропро│рпН ро│ рокродро┐роХроорпН 7-роорпН родро┐рпИро▒ропро┐ро▓рпН роЗроЯроорпН рпЖрокро▒рпН ро│рпН ро│. родро┐роЯро░рпН роХро│рпН рпЖроХро╛ро│рпН рпИро│ропродрпН род рпЖрокро╛ро│рпН роХрпИро│ родро┐рокрпН рокро┐родрпН родроорпНрок роЗрпИро▒ро╡ройро┐роЯроорпН рокро╛ рпИро▒ропро┐роЯрпНроЯ рокродро┐роХроорпН роЗро╡ро╛роорпН. A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 36

A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 37

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A TO Z INDIA ENGLISH & TAMIL MONTHLY MAGAZINE PUBLISHED ON THE FIRST WEEK OF EVERY MONTH REG. WITH REGISTRAR OF NEWSPAPERS FOR INDIA UNDER NUMBER TNBIL/2017/75531 R. DIS NO. 757/2017 ROC NUMBER L-105291/2021 A TO Z INDIA тЧП JANUARY 2023 тЧП PAGE 40