NOTE S 1 Our understanding of the role of the early The Ceiling Paintings for the Jesuit Church in modern oil sketch has been amplified Antwerp (London: Phaidon, 1968). considerably in the past thirty years, thanks 8 For the French tradition of oil sketches, especially to the landmark studies of see French Oil Sketches from the Los Angeles Linda Freeman Bauer and Oreste Ferrari. County Museum of Art: Seventeenth Century- See especially Linda Freeman Bauer, Nineteenth Century. Los Angeles: Ahmanson "On the Origins of the Oil Sketch: Form Foundation, 2002, especially the essay and Function in Cinquecento Preparatory by J. Patrice Marandel, "A Taste for Oil Techniques/' Ph.D. diss., New York Sketches," ix-xiv. University 197$; Linda Freeman Bauer, "'Quanto si disegna si dipinge ancora': 9 Denis Diderot, Salons, 3:1767, edited by Some Observations on the Oil Sketch," Jean Seznec and Jean Adhemar (Oxford: Storia delVarte 32 (1978): 45-57; Oreste Clarendon Press, 1963), 241: "Pourquoi Ferrari, Bozzetti italiani dal manerismo une belle esquisse nous plait-elle plus al barocco (Naples: Electa, 1990); Oreste qu'un beau tableau? C'est qu'il y a plus de Ferrari, "The Development of the Oil vie et moins de formes. A mesure qu'on Sketch in Italy," in Brown 1993, 42-63; and introduit les formes la vie disparait." Linda Bauer and George Bauer, "Artists' 10 "Esquisse," Encyclopedic ou dictionnaire Inventories and the Language of the Oil raisonne des sciences, des arts, et des metiers Sketch," Burlington Magazine 141, no. 1158 (Paris, 1775). Translated in Ferrari 1993, 63. (September 1999): 520-30. Other impor- tant studies include Bruno Buschart, "Die 11 Bottari and Ticozzi 1822, 4: 93-94: "Sappia deutsche Olskizze des 18. Jahrhunderts als VS. 111.ma che vi e differenza da un autonomes Kunstwerk," Munchner Jahrbuch bozzetto, che porta il nome di modello, e des bildenden Kunst 15 (1964): 145-76; quello che le peverra. Perche questo non Masters of the Loaded Brush: Oil Sketches e modello solo, ma quadro terminato . . . from Rubens to Tiepolo, exhibition catalogue sappia di piu che questo piccolo e originale (New York: N.p., 1967); and Riidiger e la tavola d'altare e la copia." Translated Klessmann, ed., Beitrdge zur Geschichte in Ferrari 1993, 61. Also, consider Ricci's der Olskizze von 16. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert, slightly earlier words to Tassi, which exhibition catalogue (Braunschweig: indicate the patron's interest in possessing Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum, 1984). an oil sketch that is a beautiful object in 2 Ferrari 1993, 42-43. itself: "II modello della consaputo tavola e terminato; e siccome VS. illustriss. bramava 3 Bauer 1975, ch. 3; Ferrari 1993, 59. che fosse piu bello della tavola stessa, 4 Ferrari 1993, 47~49- credo che ne avera 1'intento, essendomi veramente riuscito in conformita di quello 5 The primary source on Rubens oil sketches che bramava" (Bottari and Ticozzi 1822, remains Julius S. Held, The Oil Sketches of 4:91). Peter Paul Rubens: A Critical Catalogue, 2 vols. 12 As Linda Bauer and George Bauer (1999) (Princeton: Princeton University Press, have noted, this phenomenon is consistent 1980), especially 1:3-18. Also see Peter across Europe, reflected in the vocabulary Sutton and Marjorie Wieseman, Drawn by in use at the beginning of the seventeenth the Brush: Oil Sketches by Peter Paul Rubens, century: disegno, dessin, and tekeningen. exhibition catalogue (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004). For an alternative 13 Peter Paul Rubens to Archduke Albert, approach to oil sketches in the north, see March 19, 1614, in The Letters of Peter Paul Ronni Baer, "Rembrandt's Oil Sketches," in Rubens, translated and edited by Ruth Rembrandt's Journey. Painter—Draftsman— Saunders Magurn (Cambridge, MA: Etcher, exhibition catalogue, edited by Harvard University Press, 1955), 56. Clifford S. Ackley (Boston: MFA Publi- 14 Joanna Woodall, "Drawing in Color," in cations, 2003), 29-44. Cuno 2003, 9-11. 6 Held 1980, 4. 15 Baldinucci 1681. For the complexity of 7 On the Jesuit church sketches, see Held meanings for these terms in seventeenth- 1980, 33—62; and John Rupert Martin, century Italy, see especially Bauer and Bauer 1999. INTRODUCTION 19