Greci in Adriatico 2, Hesperià 18: Studi sulla grecità di Occidente, horizontal and vertical lines. D. P. Hansen in First Cities 2003, p. supplement del convegno internazionale, Urbino, 21–24 octobre 204, no. 130, writes: “Although the shape of the cap is 1999, ed. L. Braccesi and M. Luni (Rome, 2004), pp. 57–100, adds perplexing, it clearly is not the horned crown associated with significantly to the evolving picture of interaction with North divinities.… A conical cap is worn by certain heroes on Akkadian Syria. The Hittite parallels suggested by each student of this cylinder seals, and it has been noted that it resembles the material point the way for further understanding. military cap of Ebla.” 12. Haynes 2000, p. 121. 16. This extraordinary example is a seated goddess (with hair 13. Antiquarium di Poggio Civitate, unknown inventory no. Haynes showing in front and a twisted braid in back), represented on 2000, pp. 120–25, summarizes the Near Eastern aspects of these the silver rhyton terminating in the foreparts of a stag in New friezes and their connection with the terracotta plaques from York, Metropolitan Museum of Art 1989.281.10 (Empire Period, Metaponto. The terracotta frieze plaques from Serra di Vaglio circa fifteenth to thirteenth centuries, presented by Norbert (Basilicata) are directly related to these. Schimmel Trust, 1989). The goddess holds a falcon (possibly) in her left hand, a cup in her right. Her tall, seamed hat has a 14. Such a rim not only would have stabilized the hat (and perhaps diagonally striated turnup; the horns (or perhaps uraeus) are reduced stretching), but also would have increased its heat represented in profile. retention, a critical feature of cold-weather hats, one possibly 17. Olbrich 1979, chap. 4, distinguishes the hat found on many of fundamental for the origin of the hat (and wearer). the Metapontine terracottas of Artemis (always worn over long, 15. SeeBonfante 2003, pp. 68, 71, 76–77, nn. 8–13, 48–49, 80–88. The flowing hair) from that of the Etruscan tutulus and points out its conical hat and its typology, especially for early Italy, still parallels at Samos, Cyprus, Rhodes, Assos (Troas), Sicily, Etruria, deserve further study. See also M. Pipili, “Wearing an Other Hat: Lucania, and Apulia and in Magna Graecia (Taranto and Workmen in Town and Country,” in Not the Classical Ideal: Athens Metaponto-Pisticci). She also charts the relationship between and the Construction of the Other in Greek Art, ed. B. Cohen the hat of the San Biagio terracottas and the Phrygian hat of the (Amsterdam, 2000), pp. 150–79; Smithers 1988, pp. 214–15, with Artemis Bendis type. reference to M. Bonghi Jovino, Capua preromana: Terrecotte 18. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art 17.190.2067, Gift of J. votive, vol. 1 (Florence, 1965), p. 14, and vol. 2 (Florence, 1971), Pierpont Morgan, 1917. pp. 70–71; and Olbrich 1979. For the related form in helmets, see A. Bottini, Armi: Gli strumenti della guerra in Lucania (Bari, 1994); 19. Paris, Petit Palais, Dutuit Collection. The flying figure carrying an and A. Bottini et al., Antike Helme (Mainz, 1988). amphora is Dut 1600 (5), and the bee-divinity is Dut 1600 (6). See The seventh-century B.C. bucchero lady from Falerii Veteres “The Archaic and Afterward” in the introduction, n. 219, for bibl. (Richardson 1983, p. 32, n. 41), is one of the oldest examples of a 20. The painting on the back part of the Tarquinian Tomb of the woman wearing the pointed hat, and some of Richardson’s Funeral Couch, in the view of Steingräber 2006, p. 139, presents Early Etruscan Ladies (pp. 49–51) wear a small pointed hat the space as a festival tent or baldachin on posts, “dominated under the veil. Some Late Archaic bronzes wear small conical by a large empty bed reminiscent of a catafalque, with two light hats stacked one atop another. shrouds, two pillows, two wreaths, and two conical caps The Assyrian conical hat is constructed from a soft material, so resembling the pilos caps of the Dioscuri.” Represented is either that it does not stand up, and its crown is creased, with a a deceased aristocratic couple or a divine duo. If the latter is the sagging tip. This is more than likely a felt hat, as are the hats case, Steingräber believes the representation to be a theoxenia worn by a number of (possibly hairless) elite male figures or a lectisternium, and the hats then represent the divinities engaged in various ceremonial activities (perhaps including aniconically. However, compare Haynes 2000, p. 237: she augury) on a number of bronze situlas, such as one found at suggests that the two hats may be funerary cippi. Is there a Vaće, Slovenia (Narodni muzej Ljubljana P581), and another connection between the bulbous conical shape of Etruscan cippi excavated at Magdalenska gora near Smarje, Slovenia (Narodni and the similarly shaped protuberances of seventh-century B.C. muzej Ljubljana P4281). These are soft, pointed hats with rolled Daunian steles? For the latter, see Nava 1988. rims articulated with diagonal lines. 21. The Middle Archaic bronzes are distributed between Perugia A pointed-hat type common to Cypriot Archaic figures is almost and Munich. A recent proposal for the placement of the winged identical to the “bonnets” worn by the later-fourth-century B.C. figures on the four corners of the box of the carpentum in the bambino in fasce votives from the Capua region. For the reconstruction by S. Bruni is convincing (see summary by him in Campanian material and its relationships, see Smithers 1988. Torelli 2000, pp. 580–85). See also Emiliozzi 1997, pp. 82–86. The bronzes are generally thought to date to around 570 B.C. and In addition to the possible antecedents gathered by the authors have been compared to the repertory of Etrusco-Corinthian listed above, relevant comparisons for 77.AO.84 include the pottery. For the wingless kore figures in Perugia, in addition to unusual hat worn by Naramsin on a basalt stele of circa Bruni and Emiliozzi, see Richardson 1983, pp. 269–70; and 2220–2184 B.C.: it has a raised edge and is decorated with both Höckmann 1982. Cat. no. 1 99