NOTES plastic art.) She sees Artemis’s role in this unique object (the 1. Recumbent and couchant rams of amber are much rarer than only perirrhanterion to have rams’ heads) as that of a protective rams’ heads. This author knows of only one complete ram from guardian, or goddess outside the doors. a controlled excavation dating to the fifth century B.C.: a 9. Museo Archeologico Regionale di Gela 7711 (from the necklace with eighty-four plain beads and a ram pendant from extraurban sanctuary of Predio Sola, Gela): P. Orlandini, “Gela: Tomb 21, a collective grave in the cemetery of Valle Oscura La stipe votiva del Predio Sola,” MonAnt 46, no. 1 (1963): 33–41, (Marianopoli) of circa 530–470 (Marianopoli, Museo figs. 14–16, pls. 8 ac, 9 ab. Archeologico 925: R. Panvini in Pugliese Carratelli 1996, p. 694, 10. Very few rod-formed glass pendants in the form of a ram’s head no. 44). Ram pendants are among the earliest subjects for are preserved. The type is first found in the seventh century, in a amulets and for ornamentation in the ancient Near East. In small, not very carefully executed version, and survives down to Greece, bronze ram pendants are current in the Late Geometric: the first century B.C. The later examples are larger and are seeLangdon 1993, p. 148; I. Kilian-Dirlmeier, Anhänger in rendered more naturalistically. The heads are of white or dark Griechenland von der mykenischen bis zür spätgeometrischen Zeit glass, the horns in the opposite color. The animal’s eyes, ears, (Munich, 1979), pp. 186–88; and C. Rolley, Les statuettes de and horns are various colors. The various kinds of “Phoenician” bronze, vol. 5 of Fouilles de Delphes (Paris, 1969), p. 81, no. 120, pl. glass pendants (bearded male heads, demonic heads, rams’ 21. heads, birds, bells, grape bunches, and phalloi) were made the 2. For Tomb 102 at Braida di Vaglio, see Bottini and Setari 2003. For centerpieces of precious metal necklaces throughout the the Sala Consilina ambers in the Petit Palais, see introduction, n. Mediterranean. The few examples from controlled excavations 219. in Italy have come from graves. The rams are attributed to 3. Stibbe 2006 (esp. chap. 3) has looked closely at the rams of the Carthaginian workshops. See Uberti 1988, p. 482, no. 758; E. M. handles of bronze vessels. Nevertheless, much remains to be Stern and B. Schlick-Nolte, Early Glass of the Ancient World, 1600 done in the analysis of the animals. BC–AD 50: The Ernesto Wolf Collection (Ostfilden, 1994), pp. 180, 190–91; D. F. Grose, ed., Early Ancient Glass (New York, 1989), pp. 4. For the Greek gold ram’s head from a necklace (Berlin, 82–83; V. Tatton-Brown, “Rod-Formed Glass Pendants and Antikensammlung GI 15), see B. Deppert-Lippitz, Griechische Beads of the 1st Millennium,” in Greek and Roman Glass, vol. 1, Goldschmuck(Mainz, 1985), p. 121, no. 69; for the London gold ed. D. B. Harden (London, 1981), pp. 152–53; and M. Seefried, fibula, Marshall 1911, no. 1408; and Higgins 1980, pl. 30A. “Glass Core Pendants Found in the Mediterranean Area,” Journal of Glass Studies 21 (1979): 17–26. One seventh-century example 5. For the necklace from Roccanova (Taranto, Museo Archeologico from Narce was strung with gold repoussé pendants in the form Nazionale 6452–59, 6461–63), Guzzo 1993, p. 230, VC6. For the of winged Hathoric figures: see Marshall 1911, no. 1453, pl. 23. Syracusan tetradrachm (a comparison first made by Higgins The late Catherine Lees Causey was of essential aid with the 1980, p. 128), see, for example, E. Boehringer, Die Münzen von glass literature. Syrakus (Berlin, 1929), no. 423. 11. A. F. Gorton, “Lions’ and Rams’ Heads,” in Tsetskhladze et al. 6. The now-lost tomb contents of a sporadic find from the 2000, pp. 110–14 (with previous bibl.), believes “the frit rams are Cumaean necropolis were recorded in 1913 by E. Gabrici, undoubtedly the inspiration for the later Greek gold rams’ “Cuma,”MonAnt22 (1913): col. 91, fig. 37. At the Paestum heads pendant seals, such as the example in London from necropolis, two rams’ heads were found in the early-fourth- Kourion.” century Tomb 19 (Museo Archeologico Nazionale 24904: Pontrandolfo Greco 1977, p. 51–52, figs. 18, 1, and 22, 6), three 12. For the Taranto example, see Hölbl 1979, vol. 2, p. 214, pl. 63.3; dating to the beginning of the second quarter of the fourth and for the Cerveteri seal, ibid., p. 29, no. 98. References are century come from Tomb 22 (21330: ibid., p. 36, figs. 2, 4 and 2, from Gorton 2000 (see n. 11, above). 8), and three from the early third quarter of the fourth century 13. Andrews 1994, p. 30. See also Waarsenburg 1995, p. 445, n. 1219. were found in Tomb 20 (24962: ibid., p. 37, figs. 3, 2 and 3, 6). 7. Paris, Louvre: BCH 3 (1879): pls. 4–5; and Higgins 1980, p. 115. 14. Agrigento, Museo Archeologico Regionale “P. Orso” AG 1145 (from the 1953–55 excavations, sector to the southwest of the 8. Corinth Museum, numerous fragments: M. C. Sturgeon, Isthmia: sanctuary of the chthonic deities): G. Castellana in Pugliese Excavations by the University of Chicago under the Auspices of the Carratelli 1996, p. 683, no. 96; and E. De Miro, Le Valle dei Templi American School of Classical Studies at Athens, vol. 4, Sculpture I: (Palermo, 1994), p. 59, fig. 61. Strings of boukrania (as several 1952–1967(Princeton, 1987), no. 1. The sculpted basin, which superimposed pectoral ornaments held in place by attachments stood guard over the entrance to Poseidon’s shrine, was for at the shoulders) are worn by some Archaic female divinities ritual purification. Sturgeon believes that the caryatid female from Magna Graecia. A votive mask phenotype from the figures represent the Mistress of the Animals and calls her extraurban sanctuary of Predio Sola at Gela wears two Artemis, considering the lions’ and rams’ heads to reinforce the necklaces, one of taurine heads, the other possibly of acorns: iconography. (She notes the rarity of rams’ heads in Greek Rams’ Heads 241