Local Road Management Manual 143 h. Wastage Factor. Material waste in processing or integration into an item is a necessary cost of the unit price. Wastages expressed in percentage of the quantity per unit used for the project are tabulated in Table 5.2. Figure 5.2 Recommended Wastage Factor Materials Occurence % Factor Asphalt / Hauling/Stocking 5% Cement Fine -do- (single handling) 5% Aggregates -do- (double handling) 10% Coarse -do- (single handling) 5% Aggregates -do- (double handling) 10% Reinforcing Cutting 3-5% Bars Lumber Cutting 3-5% RC Pipe Breakage in Handling 3-5% Culvert Asphalt Cement for Handling/Application 3-5% Sealing Others 5-10% Others i. Minor Tools. Minor equipment and tools which are not relfected in the ACEL Equipment Guidebook may be taken from the latest rental rate schedule of the DPWH Bureau of Equipment. Hand tools (minor tools) such as wheelbarrows, pails, shovels, picks, scaffolds, poles, board, etc. and other small tools of non-mechanized in nature which are necessary in the execution of works are expressed as a percentage of labor cost and usually ranges from 5% to 10%. 4.1.4 Total Project Estimate The Construction cost for the package is estimated by using