Chapter 3: Local Road Planning 73 Potholes These are shallow to mid deep holes on the pavement. Water often ponds unto these potholes. These may be caused by retention of surface water due to lack of cross slope, pavement weakness, insufficient compaction, or lack of material quality. These may be repaired by providing the correct cross slope; better compaction; or use of better binding surface materials Rutting These are longitudinal deformations along the traffic direction of the pavement. Rutting often retain surface water thereby further weakening the pavement. These may be caused by the lack of strength of the sub-grade or pavement; wear and tear due to traffic; or compaction by the normal traffic. These may be repaired by getting materials with better properties and strength; providing appropriate compaction and density; stabilization of base course; or providing the appropriate cross slope. Table 3.4 Typical Gravel Pavement Distresses